TED HUGHES PAST PAPER DISCUSSION URDU/HINDI

Why Jonathan Swift wanted to ‘vex the world’ with Gulliver’s Travels

Why Jonathan Swift wanted to ‘vex the world’ with Gulliver’s Travels?

Pick up Gulliver’s Travels expecting a children’s book or a novel and you will be unpleasantly surprised. Originally published as “Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. In Four Parts … By Lemuel Gulliver, first a Surgeon, and then a Captain of several Ships”, it is one of the great satires in world literature.

Jonathan Swift by Francis Bindon. Swift is pointing to Part IV of the Travels, Voyage to the Country of the Houyhnhnms. Note the horses in the background. Wikimedia
First published in London in 1726, the Travels was a sensational bestseller and immediately recognised as a literary classic. The author of the pseudonymous Travels was the Church-of-Ireland Dean of St. Patrick’s in Dublin, Jonathan Swift. Swift wrote that his satiric project in the Travels was built upon a “great foundation of Misanthropy” and that his intention was “to vex the world”, not entertain it.

The work’s inventive narrative, exuberant fantasy (little people, giants, a flying island, spirits of the dead, senile immortals, talking horses and odious humanoids), and hilarious humour certainly made the work entertaining. In its abridged and reader-friendly form, sanitised of sarcasm and black humour, Gulliver’s Travels has become a children’s classic. In its unabridged form, however, it still has the power to vex readers.

What’s it all about?

In Part 1 of this four-part satire, Gulliver is shipwrecked among the tiny Lilliputians. He finds a society that has fallen into corruption from admirable original institutions through “the degenerate Nature of Man”. Lilliput is a satiric diminution of Gulliver’s Britain in its corrupt court, contemptible party politics, and absurd wars.

In Part II Gulliver is abandoned in Brobdingnag, a land of giants. The scale is now reversed. Gulliver is a Lilliputian among giants, displayed as a freak of nature and kept as a pet. Gulliver’s account of his country and its history to the King of Brobdingnag leads the wise giant to denounce Gulliver’s countrymen and women as “the most pernicious Race of little odious Vermin that Nature ever suffered to crawl upon the Surface of the Earth”.

In Part III Gulliver is the victim of piracy and cast away. He is taken up to the flying island of Laputa. Its monarch and court are literally aloof from the people it rules on the continent below, and absorbed in pure science and abstraction.

Technological changes originating in this volatile “Airy Region” result in the economic ruin of the people below and of traditional ways of life. The satire recommends the example of the disaffected Lord Munodi, who is “not of an enterprising Spirit”, and is “content to go on in the old Forms” and live “without Innovation”. Part III is episodic and miscellaneous in character as Swift satirises various intellectual follies and corruptions. It offers a mortifying image of human degeneration in the immortal Struldbruggs. Gulliver’s desire for long life abates after he witnesses the endless decrepitude of these people.

Part IV is a disturbing fable. After a conspiracy of his crew against him, Gulliver is abandoned on an island inhabited by rational civilised horses, the Houyhnhnms, and unruly brutal humanoids, the Yahoos. Gulliver and humankind are identified with the Yahoos. The horses debate “Whether the Yahoos should be exterminated from the Face of the Earth”. As in the story of the flood in the Bible, the Yahoos deserve their fate.

The horses, on the other hand, are the satire’s ideal of a rational society. Houyhnhnmland is a caste society practicing eugenics. Swift’s equine utopians have a flourishing oral culture but there are no books. There is education of both sexes. They have no money and little technology (they do not have the wheel). They are authoritarian (there is no dissent or difference of opinion). The Houyhnhnms are pacifist, communistic, agrarian and self-sufficient, civil, vegetarian and nudist. They are austere but do have passions. They hate the Yahoos.

Convinced that he has found the enlightened good life, free of all the human turpitude recorded in the Travels, Gulliver becomes a Houyhnhnm acolyte and proselyte. But this utopian place is emphatically not for humans. Gulliver is deported as an alien Yahoo and a security risk.

Wearing clothes and sailing in a canoe made from the skins of the humanoid Yahoos, Gulliver arrives in Western Australia, where he is attacked by Aboriginal people and eventually, unwillingly, rescued and returned home to live, alienated, among English Yahoos. (Swift’s knowledge of the Aboriginal people derives from the voyager William Dampier, whom Gulliver claimed was his “Cousin”.)

Politics and misanthropy

When it was published, the Travels’ uncompromising, misanthropic satiric anatomy of the human condition seemed to border on blasphemy. The political satire was scandalous, venting what Swift called his “principle of hatred to all succeeding Measures and Ministryes” in Britain and Ireland since the collapse, in 1714, of Queen Anne’s Tory government, which he had served as propagandist.

In its politics the work is pacifist, condemns “Party and Faction” in the body politic, and denounces colonialism as plunder, lust, enslavement, and murder on a global scale. It satirises monarchical despotism yet displays little faith in parliaments. In Part III we get a short view of a representative modern parliament: “a Knot of Pedlars, Pickpockets, Highwaymen and Bullies”.

Gulliver’s Travels belongs to a tradition of satiric and utopian imaginary voyages that includes works by Lucian, Rabelais, and Thomas More. Swift hijacked the form of the popular contemporary voyage book as the vehicle for his satire, though the work combines genres, containing utopian and dystopian fiction, satire, history, science fiction, dialogues of the dead, fable, as well as parody of the travel book and the Robinson Crusoe-style novel.

It’s not a book to be judged by its cover. The frontispiece, title page and table of contents of the original edition gave no hint that this was not a genuine travel account. Swift and his friends reported stories of gullible readers who took this hoax travel book for the real thing.

It is also not reader friendly. The revised 1735 edition of the Travels opens with a disturbing letter from Gulliver in which the reader is arraigned by an irate and misanthropic author convinced that the “human Species” is too depraved to be saved, as evidenced by the fact that his book has had no reforming effect on the world. The book ends with Gulliver, a proud, ranting recluse, preferring his horses to humans, and warning any English Yahoos with the vice of pride not to “presume to appear in my Sight”.

Readers might dismiss the unbalanced Gulliver, but he is only saying what Swift’s uncompromising satire insists is the truth about humankind.

In many ways Jonathan Swift is remote from us, but his satire still matters, and Gulliver’s Travels continues to vex and entertain today.

Past papers of John Keats 2012 -2019 suuply

Past papers of John Keats 2012 -2019supply

Q; Ode to a Nightingale and Ode on  a GRecian Urn' are poems about art . Explain . ( keats; Odes)
2012 annual

Q; The grecian URN is a call for balance in poetry. Discuss .
2012 supply

Q; Discuss the thematic tension in dejection. An Ode by Keats .
2013 Annual

Q; How does the dramatic spirit Express itself in the odes by john Keats.
2013 Annual

Q; Keats Odes reflect his contrarian vision: The poem shows the poet trying to resolve the conflict between happiness and melancholy , flux and stasis, art and life, life and death with a brilliant and artistic force.
2013 supply

Q; How far does the imagery in the ode to a Nightingale compliment it's thematic concerns?
2014 annual

Q; comment on the structure of dejection : An ode .
2014 supply

Q; how far may Ode to Autumn be read as recognition of harmony in the natural world?
2015 annual

Q; Discuss the thematic and stylistic concerns in dejection  an ode .
2015 supply

Q; comment on balance and symmetry in ode on a grecian Urn .
2015 supply

Q; how does the structure of hyperion book 1 support its themes?
2016 annual

Q; comment on the structure and argument in dejection. An Ode .
2016 supply

Q: How does Keats Desire and fulfillment? Answer with reference to any two of his odes.
2016 supply

Q; how does the imagery in Hyperion book 1 support it's theme?
2017 annual


(2018 annual)
Q.Comment on the role of nature in the odes by Keats .

(2018supply)
Q.discuss the treatment of desire and fulfillment  in any two odes by Keats

(2019 annual).
Q.how does ode to nightingale delineate the journey of the speaker desires .

(2019 supply).
Q. Comment on the role of nature in Odes by Keats. 2019 supply

(2020 annual).

As a poet of nature ,  Keats employs profound imagery in poetry.  Analyze various images and their implications in any 3 of his poems.

(2021 annual).

 Discuss romanticism in context of Keats poetry

Critical analysis of “Casting And Gathering” by Seamus Heaney

Critical analysis of “Casting And Gathering” by Seamus Heaney
Introduction
Poem is dedicated to Ted Hughes who is a fisher man and friend of Seamus Heaney.

Definition of the title
CASTING
Casting means throwing/ put a side. It also refers to right hand side political party “ The Capitalists” their motto was “individual is everything”.

GATHERING
Gathering means to collect/ harvest. It also refers to left hand side political party “ The Socialists” their motto was “individual belong to society”.

Political purposes
This poem shows the conflict between two political parties Capitalists and Socialists. The purpose of both the parties is same as the well being of humanity. Seamus Heaney used the words Hush and lush means fear of war and hope of progress. Due to the conflict between two parties peoples feels the fear of war and have the hope of progress. Seamus Heaney Writes that They can compromise on their action or to make their commitment better they escape for the time being and makes new strategies.

Push and pull effect
According to Andrew Boobier that two people ( The poet and his friend Ted Hughes a fisher man) have different natures, contrary impulses yet be united in common bond of mutuality and respect for each other as fisherman and poet.

Didactic purpose
Respect the differences of each other.

Style
This poem is consist of five stanzas of four line and one opening line. There is no rhyme scheme. Each line of about ten syllables (not strictly follow). It is written in blank verse and simple language is used

Past papers of Ted Hughes 2012-2018/supply

Past papers of Ted Hughes 2012-2018/supply

Q; Artist observation is a common theme between hughes poems chaucer full moon and little Frieda , explore.
2012 annual

Q; focus and sustained observation is a running concern in the poetry of Ted Hughes. Comment.
2012 Supply

Discuss thought fix and that morning as a journey to fulfilment

  (2013 annual)

Q; comment on the energy and movement in the poetry of Hughes.
2013 supply

Q; Hoe does Hughes participate as an observer in Chaucer and Full moon and little Frieda ?
2014 supply

Q; Discuss the relationship between 'the artist' and the 'work of art' in the poetry of Ted Hughes ۔
2015 annual .

Q; Comment on the function of imagery used in The Thought Fox by Ted Hughes .
2015 supply.

Q; How does Hughes use animals in his verse ? answer with detailed textual reference .
2016 annual

Q; What are some of the features that are shared amongst the animals presented in the poetry of Hughes ?
2016 supply .

Q; Discuss the concept of purposeful movement in the poems of Ted Hughes .
2017 annual .
Q.Comment any structure of the two poems by hughes ?that u have read 

2017 supply paper

Q.Comment on animal energy and power in any two poems by HUGES 

(2018 annual)

Q.What are some features that are shared amongst the animals in the poem of ted hughes?

(2018 supply)

2019
Q. Compare and contrast the position of the speaker in Thought Fox and That Morning.

2019supply 

Q. Discuss Though Fox and That Morning as poems about creativity.