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Showing posts with label Important Notes. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Important Notes. Show all posts

Thursday, 13 August 2020

RETURN OF THE NATIVE PAST PAPERS

 2018supply

Q. Discuss the role of time and the effect of it's passage in Hardy's Return of the Native.

Q. Write a critical note on Characterization in Return of the Native.


2019a 

Q. The concept of Hardy's fatalism expressed  in Return of the Native is that human character and action are the result of the laws of heredity and environment over which man has no control. Discuss

Q. Write a critical note on Edgon Heath as a character in Return of the Native.


2019supply 

Q. Discuss in detail how misunderstandings of motives, ambitions and perceptions propel the plot in Hardy's Return of the Native.

Q. Write a critical note on Theme of Human frailty against nature in Return of the Native.

Saturday, 11 July 2020

Past papers BACON ESSAYS BY Francis Bacon 2012 TO 2019 SUPPLY

Past papers of Francis Bacon
Past papers of Francis Bacon

 2019 ANUUAL
 Francis Bacon made a significant contribution to human knowledge by insisting that the production of Knowledge should be aimed at addressing the affairs of mundane human existence.Prove or refute the idea by referring to the essays in your syllabus. 
1. CONTRIBUTION OF BACON
2. HUMAN NATURE
3. PRODUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE
4. MUNDANE HUMAN EXISTENCE AFFAIRS
ESSAYS
MARRIAGE, PARENTS…….ESSAYS
ANY 10 ESSAYS ESSAYS REFERNCE
CONCLUSION
Prose in Bacon,s hands became a tool for critical thinking instead of submission to the authority of past. Discuss with reference your reading of Bacon. 2019(S)
PROSE
BACON CONTRIBUTE IN PROSE
BREVITY
TERSENESS
PROSE STYLE

2012-2018

Q; In "of marriage and single life" Bacon talks  of both in favour of married as well as single life. Discuss the arguments which he gives in favour of married as well as single life.
2012 annual

Q; In " of Revenge" bacon gives many arguments to convince The Reader that man should not take revenge. Throw light on them.
2012 supply

Q; Analyse in detail the relationship between parents and children as discussed by Francis Bacon.
2013 Annual

Q; Reaching a great place and sustaining a great place both are difficult discuss with reference to
"of great place".
2013 Annual

Q; Analyse in detail how bacon severely criticizes superstitious people.
2013 supplementary

Q; Bring out the rationale of Bacon against "of superstitions"
2014 annual

Q; What are the benefits and drawbacks of rising to a great place? Discuss in light of bacon's of "great place"
2014 annual

Q; Discuss the relationship of parents and children keep bacon's "of parents and children".
2014 supply

Q; Bacon wrote his essays in aphorisms, each separate thought expressed in
few brief sentences set off by painter's mark. Discuss
APHORISM DEFINITION
BACON APHORISTICS STYLE
REFERENCE OF HIS ESSAYS
CONCLUSION
2014 supply

Q; After reading bacon's essays, do you think that you could raise a philosophy of life?
Discuss with reference to bacon.
Bacon as a philosopher

2015 annual

Q; Discuss francis Bacon as a moralist.
moralist
2015 supply

Q; Death is not frightening in Bacon? Discuss with reference to "on Death"
2015 supply

Q; How does bacon theorise power in "of great place"
2016 annual

Q; Discuss the main arguments in "of simulation and dissimulation" in Bacon.
2016 supply

Q; Discuss the main arguments in "Adversity" 0f Bacon.
2018 annual

Q; Bacon's prose style.
2018 annual

Q; Discuss Francis Bacon as a rationalist.
Rationalist
That Bacon preferred reason to revelation as the source of philosophical and scientific knowledge can make one regard Bacon as a rationalist to some extent but more of an empiricist. But the reason Bacon has in mind is the systematic reason on which his inductive method is based

2018 supply

Q;  Death is not frightening in Bacon? Discuss with reference to "on Death"
2018 supply.
Francis Bacon served as attorney general and Lord Chancellor of England, resigning amid charges of corruption. His more valuable work was philosophical. Bacon took up Aristotelian ideas, arguing for an empirical, inductive approach, known as the scientific method, which is the foundation of modern scientific inquiry
Francis Bacon discovered and popularized the scientific method, whereby the laws of science are discovered by gathering and analyzing data from experiments and observations, rather than by using logic-based arguments.
Philosopher Sir Francis Bacon created a doctrine called “The 4 Idols of the Mind” which addresses all of the errors, illusions, and corruptions which mentally prevents many people from having a true understanding of nature and reality.
Francis Bacon was the pioneer of essay writing in English literature. He wrote when society was dupicted by drama and poetry. He was the first one , who evolve the prose in English Literature.
Bacon was a devout Anglican. He believed that philosophy and the natural world must be studied inductively, but argued that we can only study arguments for the existence of God.
Today, Bacon is still widely regarded as a major figure in scientific methodology and natural philosophy during the English Renaissance. Having advocated an organized system of obtaining knowledge with a humanitarian goal in mind, he is largely credited with ushering in the new early modern era of human understanding.


Wednesday, 8 July 2020

After Apple-Picking By Robert Frost(stanza explanation)

After Apple-Picking By Robert Frost(stanza explanation)
😊👇🌷🌹

Stanza  1:👇🌷
My long two-pointed ladders sticking through a tree
Towards heaven still,
And theres barrel that I didnt fill Beside it, and thee may be two or three Apples I didnt pick upon some bough
 But I am done with apple-picking now.
Reference:
These lines have been taken from the poem
After apple picking� written by Robert Frost�.
Context:
In this poem, the poet compares the process of apple picking with the tiring work of this world. Perhaps, we all are busy in our works and are trying hard to survive in this world. But, even then we have to accept the inevitable death. We have no alternative but to leave everything aside for this reality.
Explanation:
In these lines, the poet introduces himself as an apple picker. He has been working in his apple orchard for a long time. He is filling barrels after barrels. He has picked a lot of apple but many are still to be picked. But now he is feeling tired and wants to have some rest. Actually, the poet wants to say that when man becomes tired then he wants to take some rest, leaving behind all his works.
Stanza 2:
Essence of winter sleep is on the night, The scent of apples: I am drowsing off.
I cannot rub the strangeness from my sight
I got from looking through a pane of glass
I skimmed this morning from the drinking trough
And I held against the world of hoary grass
It melted, and I let it fall and break. But I was well
Upon my way to sleep before it fell, And I could tell
Reference to  the  Context:
Same as above.
Explanation:
In these lines, the poet gives a pictorial description of the garden where he is working. He says that smell of apples creates such an effect on him that he starts dozing. Although, he has not completed his work, yet he cannot escape from the captivating smell of apples. There was a long open box of drinking water for animals in the garden. The water in it had a frozen ice. The poet removed a sheet of ice from it in the morning and held it before him. Through this sheet of ice he looked at the white snow covered grass. The poet was sleepy as the sheet of ice was falling form his hands.
Stanza  3:
What from my dreaming was about to take Magnified apples appear and disappear, Stem end and blossom end,
And every fleck of russet showing clear.
My instep arch not only keeps the arch; It keeps the pressure of ladder-round
I feel the ladder sway as the boughs bend. And I keep hearing from the cellar bin The rumbling sound
Of load on load of apples coming in.

Reference to the Context:
Same as above.
Explanation:
Here in these lines, the poet describes his dreams while he is half sleep. The apples appear before him in large size and disappear. The trees, from the roots up to the branches giving flowers of the fruit, appear. The reddish brown colour of apples becomes clearly visible to the poet. Still standing on the ladder, his instep is keeping the ladder in balancing. But the branches of the tree
have started shaking. The dream of the poet continues and he hears the rolling sound of apples
stored in the cellar, as their huge loads arrive.
Stanza  4:
For I have had too much
Of apple-picking; I am overtired
Of the great harvest I myself desired.
There were ten thousand thousand fruit to touch, Cherish in hand, left down and not let fall
For all
That struck the earth
No matter if not bruised or spiked with stubble, Went surely to the cider-apple heap
As of no worth.
 Reference to  the  Context:
Same as above.
Explanation:
In these lines, the poet explains that he has tired from apple picking. Still, there are thousands of apples on the trees and he wants to pluck all these apples with his own hands. He knows that all those apples that fell down and hit the ground, will surely become useless for storage. These spoiled apples will then be crushed for juice in the machine.
Stanza  5:
One can see what will trouble
This sleep of mine, whatever sleep it is, Were he no gone,
The woodchuck could say whether it’s like his
Longs sleep, as I describe-its coming on
Of just some human sleep.
Reference to the Context:
Same as above.
Explanation:

These are ending lines of the poem. The poet says that who wants to sleep is well aware what will disturb his sleep. Apart forms that, he wants to know what kind of sleep he is having. He says woodchuck could tell it easily about it. But that animal has gone. Now poet does not say surely whether his sleep will be like that of woodchuck or just a normal sleep for a few hours. He cannot also say whether it will be ordinary human sleep or the sleep of death. Here, in these lines the poet ends his poem with these thoughts that all our activities ends in sleep. Death is also an sleep that ends our tiresome journey of life.

Tuesday, 9 June 2020

𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐨 𝐖𝐫𝐢𝐭e Answer 𝐢𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐋𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐏𝐚𝐩𝐞r

#𝐇𝐨𝐰𝐭𝐨𝐖𝐫𝐢𝐭e_Answer_𝐢𝐧𝐄𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐡 #𝐋𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐏𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐫

MA- English 🎓
BS- English 🎓

First of all when writing any question, we have to talk about the main theme of the question. This is very important. Generally, we do not read the whole question and just start writing whatever comes to our mind. It is due to the shortage of time. We have so many questions to attempt so we cannot afford so much time. At that time you need to draw the complete structure of the question. It is very much important to make an outline of the question. You may have a lot of content about the asked question but it is necessary to figure out the most important content that you are supposed to write. Divide your answer into three main parts.

  1. Introduction
 2. Main Body
 3. Conclusion

Introduction and conclusion in any question are very important. Because if we do not introduce any question or do not conclude it then it will be an incomplete format which is the bad impression for the examiner. You must work on alpha and omega of question.
We know that every word has a different meaning. Let’s discuss various words that would be asked in an exam and what their meaning is.

𝟭. 𝗗𝗲𝗳𝗶𝗻𝗲
When you are writing about definition then they would not expect a stupid answer from you. They actually ask you to define the question that has a proper definition. You need to state a proper definition and you precise about it. It will be authentic and clear.

𝟮. 𝗗𝗲𝘀𝗰𝗿𝗶𝗯𝗲
Describe means you have to give complete information about anything e.g. How and why some things happen. You have to give a complete description in descriptive format.

𝟯. 𝗘𝘅𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗶𝗻
Explain means you have to clarify topic detail as how and why. You have to write the complex procedure, sequences of events that would be easily understood. Things should be mentioned in chronological order for this sort of question. This is something that will explain completely and it comes from one step to another. You did not miss your knowledge.

𝟰. 𝗘𝗹𝗮𝗯𝗼𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲
Elaborate means a statement that you have to expand it. You have to touch every area of it. You have to draw 360o angle then you are touching every angle. For example, if you are talking about social, economic and political perspective of Victorian age then it is necessary to elaborate every aspect related to it such as Industrial Revolution, Reform acts etc.

𝟱. 𝗗𝗲𝗺𝗼𝗻𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲
Demonstrate means show how with an example to illustrate. It means give a complete demonstration of any things. Furthermore, you have to explain it with help of example.

𝟲. 𝗖𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝗔𝗻𝗮𝗹𝘆𝘇𝗲.
We have a word critical but never means to criticize anything. Critically means you have to talk about the positive and negative aspect of the question.

𝟳. 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗲
Compare means you are comparing one thing with another. For that, you have to draw a line of similarities and dissimilarities. For example, in question, they asked that compare Classicism and Romanticism. You have to compare their similarities and dissimilarities in the proper format.

𝟴. 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗼𝗿 𝗢𝗽𝗶𝗻𝗶𝗼𝗻
These word like comment or opinion. Means what is your opinion? What are your views? They are completely asking you. They are asking what your opinion is. Then in answer, you use the word ‘I’, ‘According to me’.

𝐁𝐄𝐒𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐋𝐔𝐂𝐊
by
@Asma sheikh tutor

Tuesday, 24 December 2019

How to attempt reference to context

#Must_Read
⚛✴How to Attempt Reference to the Context question in examination✴⚛

Exemplary lines..
Taken frm Oedipus Rex..

And i tell you what i think
You planned it,you had it done
You all but killed him with your hands
If you had eyes,i will say
the crime was yours and yours alone

⚛_Reference to the context⚛
These lines have been taken from Shophocles' play "Oedipus Rex". In this play we came across king Oedipus who is trying to solve the riddle of king Laious' murderer because it is the murderer who is the cause of calamity. Being a loving and responsible king he wants to save his subject and for this purpose he consults Teiresias who could help him surely.

✴#Explanation✴
In these lines king Oedipus is talking to Teiresias who has refused to reveal the murderer's name in spite of all pleadings of the king. Finally when he refused to utter the murderer's name, Oedipus got hyper and insulted the prophet of Apollo. Along with this he immediately concluded that Teiresias is hiding the name of the murderer as if he himself is the murderer.

Though the conclusion of Oedipus was not wrong if we analyse it from an honest king's point of view who is restless to solve the issue because his nation is suffering. His attitude shows his honesty,care and devotion for his nation.But this is  the one side of picture. If we analysed this behaviour in an other way we will see that Oedipus had immediately drawn the conclusion in a very rash mood. His anger, harshness, and jumping at conclusion without solid proof were his tragic flaws which became the cause of his tragedy.

Oedipus had no solid proof of Teiresias' disloyalty. He must keep in mind to whom he was talking. He was talking to the prophet of Apollo. This shows that Oedipus had no ability to judge the man or situation. Here  the reader is forced to think that deep down Oedipus was proud of his worldly wisdom which forced him for this blasphemous act. Here we are reminded of Dr. Faustus who was also proud of his worldly wisdom and because of it he performed blasphemous acts but the comparison is just limited.

These lines are basically ironic in nature. Oedipus was blaming Teireias for the murder but in fact he himself had no knowledge of it that he himself is that curse   man who is the cause of calamity. It is one of the best example of irony found in this play.


Thursday, 12 December 2019

Milton grand style

for another and the whole effect is destroyed."Milton is often
not satistied with one meaning from a word,but will make it
do double duty.Words derived from Latin served this double
purpose.To the ordinary reader they convey one meaning
and to the scholar they suggest another.This gives a
suggestive power to Milton's language."The most striking
characterstic of the poetry of Milton is the extreme remoteness
of the associations by which it acts on the reader.Its effect is
produced,not so much by what it expresses as by what it
suggests,not so much by the ideas which it directly conveys
by other ideas which are connected with them.He electrifies
the mind through conductors.......The works of Milton cannot
be comprehended or enjoyed unless the mind of the reader
co-operates with that of the writer.He does not paint a finished
picture or play for a mere passive listener.He sketches and
leaves others to fill up the outline.He strikes tke key-note
and expects his hearers to make out the melody."(Macaulay)
Allusiveness
!An essential quality of MiltondS
poetic style is its
allusiveness.He,no doubt,pressed.tethe service of his poetry
all that he observed in life ang Hature;but his vision was
often coloured by his knowledge:The whole treasury of poetry,
ancient and modern,and the whole storehouse of learning
were at his commandAnd he seemed to assume that they
were also at the command of his readers and so he loaded
every rift of his verse with myth and legend,historical,literary,
and scientific ct.Classical and Biblical allusions are most
abundant,and are woven into the very texture of his language./
Hence Pattison remarks:"The appreciation of Milton is the
last reward of consummate scholarship."His scholarly habit
ofPnind is illustrated in the comparison of the army of Satan
to various military assemblage,mentioned,in legend and
history at the close of Book I of Paradise Lost:
..........for never since created man
Met such imbodied force,as named with these
Epic similes
(A striking feature of Milton's style in Paradise Lost is his
use of epic similes.These go far beyond the limits of
comparison,and are expanded to draw complete pictures.


Wednesday, 11 December 2019

ALL IMPORTANT QUESTIONS MA ENGLISH LITERATURE PART 1

All Important short questions MA Eng Part 1

All Important short questions MA Eng P1
#PAPER_II__CLASSICAL_DRAMA__PART_01
#Most_Important_TOPICS_and_QUESTIONS(UOS)
#SOPHOCLES- "Oedipus Rex"
1_ Concept of Fate & Free Will/Character & Fate
2_ Oedipus as a Greek Tragic Hero
3_ Character is Destiny
4_ Plot Construction in Oedipus Rex
5_ Hamartia & Hubris
6_ Irony in Oedipus Rex
7_ Role of Chorus
#SHAKESPEARE- "Othello"
1_ Character Sketch of Othello
2_ Character Sketch of Desdemona
3_ Character Sketch of Iago.
4_ Character Sketch of Casio
5_ Othello as a Social Tragedy
6_ Racism in Othello
7_ Role of Chance and Misunderstanding
8_ Significance of the Handkerchief Scene
9_ Who is Responsible of the Tragic/Destructive End of Othello
#CHRISTOPHER_MARLOWE- "Jew of Malta"
1_ Jew of Malta a Typical Morlovian Tragedy
2_ Character Sketch of Ferneze
3_ Character Sketch of Barabas The Jew
4_ Character Sketch of Abigail
5_ Themes in Jew of Malta
6_ "If there is No Marlowe then No Shakespeare"
#SHAKESPEARE- "The Tempest"
1_ Character Sketch of Prospero
2_ Character Sketch of Miranda
3_ Compare & Contrast between the Characters of Aerial & Caliban
4_ Themes in The Tempest
5_ Role of Supernatural Machinery/Elements in The Tempest
#OSCAR_WILD- "Importance of Being Earnest"
1_ Title Significance of Importance of Being Earnest(IBE)
2_ Importance of Being Earnest as a Comdey of Manners
3_ Importance of Being Earnest as a Farcical Play
4_ Importance of Being Earnest as a Trivial Comedy
5_ Importance of Being Earnest as a Social Satire
6_ Character Sketches of Algernon Monicrieff & Jack Worthing
7_ Character Sketches of Lady Augusta Bracknell & Cecily Cardew
8_ Use of Wit & Paradoxical Statements in IBE
: #PAPER_01__CLASSICSL_POETRY__PART_01
#Most_Important_TOPICS_and_QUESTIONS(UOS)
#GEOFFERY_CHAUCER- "The Prologue to The Canterbury Tales"
1_ Chaucer's Humour/Satire/Irony
2_ Chaucer's Art of Characterization
3_ Chaucer as a Modern Poet
4_ Chaucer Representative of 14th Century
5_ Chaucer's Ecclesiastical Characters(Hypocrisy, Comparison and Contrast between the Characters)
6_ Chaucer's Female Characters
7_ Chaucer as a Father of English Poetry/Literature
8_ Chaucer's Realism
#EDMUND_SPENSER- "Faerie Queene"
1_ Faerie Queene as an Allegory
2_ Faerie Queene A Great Epic Poem
3_ Spenser A Poets' Poet
4_ Spenser's contributions to the English literature and language
#WILLIAM_SHAKESPEARE- "Sonnets"
1_ Shakespeare as A Sonnet Writer
2_ Shakespeare's Contributions to the English Sonnet Writing
3_ Different Themes of the Selected(Syllabus) Sonnets
#JOHN_DONNE- "Selection from Love & Divine Poems"
1_ Donne as a Metaphysical Poet
2_ Characteristics of Metaphysical Poetry
3_ Donne as a Divine Poet
4_ Three Modes of Love in Donne's Poetry
5_ Donne as a Love Poet
#JOHN_MILTON- "Paradise Lost"
1_ Milton's Grand Style
2_ Portrayal of Satan(character) in Paradise Lost
3_ Who is the Hero of Paradise Lost, Satan or Adam?
4_ Character Sketch of Adam
5_ Character Sketch of Eve
#ALEXANDER_POPE- "Rape of the Lock"
1_ Rape of the Lock as a Social Satire
2_ Rape of the Lock as a Comic Epic/Mock Epic
3_ Use of Machinery(Supernatural Elements) in Rape of the Lock
4_ Pope's Attitude Towards Women(Belinda's Character, Social Satire)
5_ Moral of the Rape of the Lock
#PART_01__PAPER_IV__PROSE
#MOST_IMPORTANT_QUESTIONS(UOS/PU)
#SIR_FRANCIS_BACON(Essays)
1_ Bacon's Prose Style
2_ Bacon As a Moralist
3_ Bacon As a Philosopher
4_ Bacon's Worldly Wisdom
5_ Renaissance Elements in Bacon
6_ Bacon As An Essayist
#JONATHAN_SWIFT(Gulliver's Travels)
1_ Swift's Prose Style
2_ Swift As a Satirist
3_ Swift As a Misanthrope
4_ Popularity of 'Gulliver's Travels'
5_ Elements of Utopia in 'Gulliver's Travels'
6_ First and Last Voyage of 'Gulliver's Travel'
#LYTTON_STRACHEY(Selection from Eminent Victorians)
1_ Strachey's Prose Style
2_ Strachey As a Biographer
3_ Strachey's Ironic Attitude
4_ The Psychological Milieu of Strachey
5_ Critical Appreciation of 'End of General Gordan'
6_ Critical Appreciation of 'Florence Nightingale'
#BERTRAND_RUSSELL(Selection of Essays)
1_ Russell's Prose Style
2_ Russell As a Philosopher
3_ Connection Between Philosophy and Politics
4_ The Future of Mankind
5_ The Functions of a Teacher
6_ Ideas That Have Helped Mankind
7_ Ideas That Have Harmed Mankind
#EDWARD_W_SAID(Introduction to Culture & Imperialism)
1_ Edward Said's Prose Style
2_ Edward Said's Views on Culture
3_ Edward Said's Views on Imperialism
4_ Relationship Between Culture and Imperialism
5_ Classical English Novelists in 'Introduction to Culture and Imperialism'
6_ Influence of Post Colonialism on Edward Said
Important QUESTIONS #Novel Part 1 #UOS
A Tale of Two Cities
1. As a novel of love
2. Plot construction
3. Major Themes
4. Role of Dr Mannet
5. Character of Madame Defarge during French Revolution
6. Art of Characterization
7. Technique and Style of Dickens
Pride and Prejudice
1. Character sketch of Lydia
2. Title Significance
3. Character of Mrs Bennet
4. Character of Darcy
5. Relationship between Mr Bingley and Miss Jane
6. Relationship between Darcy and Elizabeth
7. Character sketch of Elizabeth
8. Jane Austen as a Nobelist.
Joseph Andrews
1. Character of Parson Adams
2. Comic Epic in Prose
3. As Parody of Pamela
4. Fielding as a Father of English Novel
5. As a Picaresque Novel
6. Character of Joseph Andrews
The Mill on Floss
1. Ending of the Mill on the Floss
2. Role and Significance of River Floss
3. Salient Features of George Eliot as Novelist
4. The Mill on the Floss as the most Truthful and touching depiction of child Psychology
5. Title Significance
6. As autobiographical Novel.
Tess of the D'urbervilles
1. Plot construction
2. Tess as Pure Woman
3. Is Angel Clare responsible for the Tragedy of Tess
4. Is Alec responsible for the Tragedy of Tess
5. Features and defects of Thomas Hardy as a Novelist
6. Hardy’s vision of Human Tragedy
[9/15, 21:55] Zahid Shabir: American Literature
Important Questions
MA English Annual System
University of Sargodha
Pakistan 🇵🇰🇵🇰🇵🇰
Robert Frost
1. Salient Features of Frost Poetry
2. As a Poet of Nature
3. Themes
Most Important Critical Appreciation
1. Mending Walls
2. The Road Not Taken
3. After Apple Picking
4. Stopping by Woods
John Ashbery
1. As a Modern Poetry
2. Themes
Critical Appreciation
1. The Painter
2. Melodic Trains
Richard Wilbur
1. Characteristics of modern poetry in Richard Wilbur and John Ashbery
2. As a Modern Poet
Critical Appreciation
1. After The Last Bulletin
2. Still Citizen
Walt Whitman
1. Characteristics of Walt Whitman's Poetry
2. Themes
Critical Appreciation
1. O Captain! My Captain!
2. There was a Child went Forth
3. To a Stranger
4. These Carols.
Mourning Becomes Electra
1. Mother daughter relationship
2. Adam Brant as a True Villain
3. As Modern Tragedy
4. Art of Characterization
5. Psychoanalysis / psychological Drama of lust.
The Crucible
1. Significance of Title
2. Themes
3. Historical and Cultural Background
4. Theme of Witch Craft
5. Character of John Proctor
A Farewell to Arms
1. Significance of Title
2. Views on Love and War
3. Autobiographical Novel
4. Robert Jordan as a Typical Hemingway Hero
5. Catherine Barkley as a typical Hemingway Heroin.
Jazz
1. Significance of Title
2. Role of Women Characters
3. Depiction of Urban Life
4. Thematic and Symbolic Importance of Music
5. Identity and Memory in Jazz
6. Violet as a Representative of Black Woman.
Note: Try to learn all critical appreciation of all poems which are included in your syllabus.


Thursday, 24 October 2019

genres THE Cherry Orchard had ascribed

The following genres have all had The Cherry Orchard ascribed to them by some influential critic or playwright: Comedy, Drama, Tragedy, pastoral comedy, "Chekhovian comedy." The last genre was created specifically for the play, by Donald R. Styran; the term "pastoral" is a literary term usually denoting poems that are about shepherds, but according to Beverly Hahn, a "pastoral comedy" is the closest fit in terms of genre that The Cherry Orchard can manage. The first genre on the list is what Chekhov himself considered the play to be, as reflected in the play's subtitle: A Comedy in Four Acts. But Stanislavksy, the great director of the Moscow Arts Performing Theatre where the play was first produced, disagreed. He thought the play was a drama, and directed it as such. This annoyed Chekhov to no end. Especially irksome to the playwright was the way Stanislavsky stretched out the fourth Act to forty minutes in length, in order to heighten the emotional impact of Ranevsky's final departure. According to Chekhov, the Act should have lasted no more than twelve.

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There is a fine line between pathos and comedy; as Richard Peace notes, they both involve the build-up and then release of emotional tension. The difference between is often dependent upon whether we closely sympathize with a given character's predicament or whether we maintain a certain distance from that predicament. The Cherry Orchard walks a fine line between the two. Where Chekhov may cross the line from comedy to pathos is in the amount of attention he gives to Ranevsky in terms of character development. She is, next to the orchard itself, the largest presence in the play, and thus draws the attention of readers. She is a sympathetic character, and furthermore is the one character who seems to escape the irony which distances us from the rest of the characters in the play. This has prompted some critics and readers have seen Ranevsky as a tragic hero. The play's structuring of time supports this interpretat

Tuesday, 10 September 2019

MA ENGLISH LITERATURE online ACADEMY BY ASMA SHEIKH

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Wednesday, 28 August 2019

How_To_Answer_Exam_Questions

#How_To_Answer_Exam_Questions
(MA ENGLISH)
Pay attention! These quick tips should be common sense but many students who are under exam stress fail to see their mistakes.
We’re going to help you avoid a major exam disaster by pointing you in the right direction.
Here’s our top exam writing tips to help you understand how to answer exam questions:
Practice Past Papers
There really is no better way to get exam ready than by attempting past papers. Most exam bodies should have past papers available online but your teacher will get you started on these in class.
This process isn’t just about preparing an answer for a specific question, it’s about understanding how you approach a question in an exam, how to structure your answer, the timings you should
assign and what information will get marks.
 Read All Questions Carefully
The stress of the situation can cause you to misread a question,plan your answer out, start writing your response and then realise you made a mistake and wasted vital time. Even though you generally
won’t be writing answers to every
question on the paper, reading all questions thoroughly will ensure
you make the right choices and can highlight how much you know about the topic.
Don’t forget to attempt all questions that you have selected.
However, be careful of MCQ questions with negative marking. If you’re not sure of the answer you could cost yourself some valuable marks.
Manage Your Time
This is where you need to be strict on yourself. Once you have assigned a time limit for each question, you MUST move on once you hit it or you won’t be able to
give the next question your full
attention.
Remember to leave yourself some time at the end to go back over your answers and add in little notes or pieces of information about the topic. You never know, this could help bump you up a grade!
Structure Your Answer
Don’t just jump into writing your answer. Take the first few minutes to plan the structure of your essay which will save you time when you are delving into meaty parts.
Always stay on topic; if you’re discussing the role of women in society as portrayed by the author in Of Mice and Men , don’t digress and start outlining other themes in the book for example.
Most essays should have an introduction, three main points and a conclusion. A lot of students see a conclusion as a final sentence to finish the piece off. A strong
conclusion give an A grade student
the chance to shine by bringing
everything together and fortifying
their opinion.
Explore Both Sides of an Argument
Building your argument in the main
body of your exam answer will give
your overall opinion credibility. English language questions, for example, encourage you to explore both sides of an argument and then conclude with a critical analysis of your answer.
Many questions you approach will
look as though they seek a straightforward answer but in reality they want you to fully outline a structured essay. Don’t fall into the trap of providing a one-sided view, get your hands dirty and open your mind to other possibilities.
Review Your Answers Thoroughly
Smart students can still make the mistake of handing their answer book in without checking through what they have written. Proofread your answers as much as you can to correct any spelling mistakes and add any extra comments you think are worth mentioning.
You will be surprised what you can spot in those last few minutes. This is your last chance to throw in that quotation, list other relevant points or even draw a quick diagram . Now is not the time to drop your game, show the examiner what you’re made of!
Remember, the exams are not designed to trick you. Don’t panic on the day of your exam or this brain freeze could mean that you get a lower grade that you truly deserve. Convince yourself that you
know how to answer exam questions and your almost there.

Sunday, 18 August 2019

Linguistics vs Literature

Linguistics vs Literature

The key difference between linguistics and literature is that linguistics refers to the systematic study of a language whereas literature can be defined as the study of written works within a language. This clearly highlights that the main difference between these two fields of study are grounded on structure and content though both have the commonality of language as a basis for their works. This article will attempt to define these two terms, linguistics and literature, while providing an understanding of the differences that exist within the two fields.

What is Linguistics?

The human languages which enable us to communicate with one another have very systematic structures. Linguistics is a field that studies these structural aspects of a language. Hence, it can be defined as the systematic and scientific study of a language. It encompasses the study of language in relation to its nature, organization, origin, contextual impact, cognitive and dialectical formation. Linguists are concerned with the nature of languages, their systematic component, the commonalities and differences that exist among human languages and the cognitive processes that come into play.

The field of linguistics is made up of a number of parts that create the totality of linguistics. They are phonetics (the study of the physical nature of speech sounds), phonology (the study of the cognitive nature of speech sounds), morphology (the study of word formation), syntax (the study of sentence formation), semantics (the study of meaning) and pragmatics (the study of the usage of language). Other than these there are other disciplines that are connected to linguistics such as psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, dialectology, ethno-linguistics, etc.

What is literature?

Literature includes written works that belong to many genres ranging from poetry and dramas to novels. Literature is a work of art. It is a creation of a world that allows the reader to not only dive into an alien world, but also allows the reader to reflect on various issues. It is not merely a recital of the ordinary speech but contains artistic value. There are different forms of literature mainly prose and poetry. Prose includes dramas, novels and short stories whereas poetry refers to a more melodious and rhythmic work of art. Unlike in linguistics, literature is devoid of rigidity in the structure and its relationships. It is not limited to a certain sphere and has a vast canvas. If we look at the English literature, the literary works are divided into different eras also known as literary periods in English literature for the purpose of studying, such as the renaissance, the romantic period, the Victorian period so on and so forth. For each period there are contemporary writers, poets and playwrights that were prominent figures of the time in terms of their literary work. For example, in the Victorian period Alfred Lord Tennyson, The Bronte sisters, Robert Browning and Thomas Hardy were prominent figures who gained popularity either among the societies at the time or else later in for the significance of their contribution to literature.

Monday, 7 January 2019

MA English (Previous) Karachi University (Private Candidate) Syllabus:

MA English (Previous)
Karachi University (Private Candidate) Syllabus:

Paper I – Drama

No.   Name of the Play                            Written By
1.   
King Lear                                   
  William Shakespeare
2.      Hamlet                                                - do -
3.    
Antony&Cleopatra                           -
4.     The Tempest                                       -
5.     Twelfth Night                                     
6.     Henry IV                                              
7.     Dr.Faustus                                   Christopher Marlow
8.    
The Al Chemist                            Ben Jonson
9.     The Way of the World                William Congreve
10.     Heart Break House                     George Bernard Shaw

Paper II – Poetry
No.     Name of the Poem                                          Poet
1.        The  Canterbury Tales                          Geoffrey Chaucer
2.        Faerie Queen                                          Edmund Spenser
3.        Donne’s Poetry                                            John Donne
4.        Paradise Lost                                                John Milton
5.        Absalom & Achhitophel                             John Dryden
6.        The Rape  of the Locke                               Alexander Pope
7.        Songs of Innocence & Experience            William Blake.

Paper III – Literature & Society
No.    Name of the Work           Prose Genre              Written By
1.       Bacon’s Essays                Essay                  Francis Bacon
2.       Areopagitica                   Pamphlet                     John Milton
3.       Pilgrim’s Progress      Long Narrative book       John Bunyan
4.       Gulliver’s Travel                       - do -            Jonathan Swift
5.       Culture & Anarchy                   Essay          Mathew  Arnold
6.       On Liberty                                 Essay          John Stuart Mill
7.       Chartism                                  Pamphlet     Thomas Carlyle
8.       The Coverly Papers                  Essay        Joseph Addison
9.       Mass Civilization &                                  
           Minority Culture                Prose work          F.R. Leavis                                             
10.     1984                         Novel                            George Orwell

Paper IV – The History of English Literature

1. Anglo Saxon or Old English Period    8th to 11th Century
2. Middle English Literature                   12th to 14th Century
3. Renaissance Literature                        15th to 16th Century
4. Early Modern Literature (Elizabethan)  Literature  1558 to 1603
5. Jacobean Literature                                              1603 to 1625
6. Caroline and Cromwellian Literature                     1625 to 1660
7. Restoration Literature                                            1660 to 1700
8. Augustan Literature                                               1700 to 1750
9. 18th Century Literature                                     Mid 18th to 1837
10. Victorian Literature                                            1837 to 1901
11. English Literature since 1901                               
12. Modern Literature                                    Till mid 20th Century
13. Post Modern Literature                            After 2nd World War

Paper V – The English Language.
Section A.
1. Teaching Methods of English.
2. Differences  between teaching methods.
3. Advantages & Disadvantages of different teaching methods.
4. Linguistics.

Section B.
1. Differences between American/British/Elizabathen English/Modern English.
2. Standarization of English.
3. Global importance, emergence of English.
4. Compiling of Dictionaries etc
5. Borrowing of words from other Languages.

Section: C
English Grammar.

Friday, 4 January 2019

English for Specific Purpose MA English 4th Term University of Sargodha Pakistan 🇵🇰 🇵🇰🇵🇰

https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1226709444149020&id=945825352237432

Discourse analysis notes

https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1226711144148850&id=945825352237432

Friday, 28 December 2018

Arms and The Man G.B Shaw short questions

Arms and The Man
G.B Shaw
Short Questions
3rd Term MA English
University of Sargodha

(i) Name three other plays written by Shaw.
Ans. The famous plays of Bernard Shaw include; Arms and the Man, Candida, The Devil's Disciple, Caesar and Cleopatra, Man and Superman.
(ii) What is the source of the title 'Arms and the Man'?
Ans. The title of the play, "Arms and the Man", has been taken from Dryden's translation of the opening lines of "Aenied" by Roman poet, Virgil. The opening lines of Dryden's translation run as follows: "Arms and the Man I sing, who forced by fate, / And haughty Juno's unrelenting hate".
(iii) What is the historical background of the play 'Arms and the Man'?
Ans. Victorian rule (1837 - 1901), Victorian literature and Serbo-Bulgarian War (14 November 1885 - 28 November 1885) is the historical background of the play "Arms and the Man".
(iv) What are the major themes of 'Arms and the Man'?
Ans. Love, war, imcompetent authority, ingorance vs. knowledge, class, bravery and personal honesty are the major themes of "Arms and the Man".
(v) What is the major conflict in 'Arms and the Man'?
Ans. There are two distinct conflicts in the play. The first conflict is the view of war as romantic and idealistic and the true realities of war as illustrated by the character of Bluntschli. The second conflict would be the view of love and marriage as illustrated through the character of Louka.
(vi) In which two countries the war was going in 'Arms and the Man'?
Ans. The war was going on between Serbia and Bulgaria. The Serbo-Bulgarian War erupted on 14 November 1885 and lasted until 28 November 1885. Final peace was signed on 3 March 1886 in Bucharest.
(vii) What is pragmatism?
Ans. Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that began in the United States around 1870. Pragmatism is a rejection of the idea that the function of thought is to describe, represent, or mirror reality. Instead, pragmatists consider thought an instrument or tool for prediction, problem solving and action.
(viii) How does Bernard Shaw view romanticism?
Ans. Shaw has a low opinion of romanticism. Romanticism in "Arms and the Man" serves as the play's theoretical villain. It is always a reflection of ignorance; once a character gains knowledge, they abandon their poetic ideas as Sergius and Raina do.
(ix) What is meant by the subtitle 'An Anti-Romantic Comedy'?
Ans.Arms and the Man, subtitle "An Anti-Romantic Comedy" means that the dramatist purpose is to satirize the romantic conception of life. Shaw has no faith in emotions and sentiments. Throughout the drama he denounces the idealism and insists on realism. He does it through humour of character and homour of situation at the same time.
(x) What is Byronism?
Ans. Byronism refers to an attitude which possesses the characteristics of English poet Byron or his poetry, especially romanticism, melancholy, and melodramatic energy. Byronism is seen in the character of Major Saranoff, who is a shining example of Raina and her mother's romanticized image of a hero. Sergius is also a Byronic hero because he has an underlying despair about life.
(xi) There are many types of war and many types of love in 'Arms and the Man'.
Ans. There are two wars; Serbo-Bulgarian War and Russain-Austrian War. There are two types of war; romanticized war and realistic war. Three love affairs; Raina-Sergius, Raina-Bluntschli, and Louka-Sergius can be grouped into two categories - romantic love and realistic love.
(xii) What characteristics make a person a good soldier?
Ans. Captain Bluntschli represents Shaw's ideal soldier. He harbors no romantic ideals; he views was as business to be efficiently dispatched. If Bluntschli demonstrates what a soldier should be, Sergius and Major Petkoff demonstrate what he should not be. Sergius is filled with poetic ideas about bravery and honour, and Major Petkoff is the picture of incompetence.
(xiii) Which character best serves as Shaw's spokesman?
Ans. Captain Bluntschli serves best as Shaw's spokesman. He is a thirty four year old realist who sees through the absurd romanticism of war. He is the representative of average humanity; he is what Shaw would like Man to be.
(xiv) Which characters have illusions about themselves and the world they live in?
Ans. Raina, Catherine and Sergius have illusions about themselves and the world they live in. Raina reads romantic novels and imagines herself a heroine. Raina's mother, Catherine, shares many of her daughter's allusions about love and warfare. Sergius believes in the romantic ideals championed by poetry and opera.
(xv) Who holds the most power in Petkoff's household?
Ans. Catherine, Raina's mother and Petkoff's wife, holds the most power in Petkoff's household. She runs her house energetically and ably, with a strong ruling will and definite ideas about upholding her position as an aristocrat.

Arms And The Man

Arms And The Man
Short Questions
3rd Term MA English
University of Sargodha

What does Shaw satirically criticize of the Victorians?
The Victorians' romantic NOTIONS about LOVE & WAR.

Who is a utilitarian hero?
Bluntschli

Who is a mechanistic idealist?
Sergius Saranoff.

When was the premiere of Arms and the Man?
1894

Main Characters
Raina, Bluntschli, Sergius, Mrs. Petkoff, Major Petkoff, Louka, Nicola

Describe the setting where the play begins?
Serbo-Bulgaria War, in a nice home/mansion type of thing,

What news does Catherine give Raina at the beginning of the play
The bulgarians just won a battle (they are bulgarian)

Who is Sergius
Raina's betrothed

What happens that night? After the serbs are fleeing?
A soldier climbs up into the window of raina's room

What nationality is the man?
Swiss

Why is Raina shocked by his attitude?
He does not pretend that war is grand, he is happy to be alive and lacks decorum

Why does Raina do when her mother, louka, and a captain search her room?
She hides the soldier behind the curtain and convinces them that no one is there

What does she feed the soldier?
Chocolates

Does Raina allow him to stay at the house?
Yes, she allows him to sleep there for the night while she gets her mother to help her

Who is Louka engaged to?
Nicola

What does Louka say about Nicola?
That he will always remain a servant because he has a servants attitude

Who returns from war in act 2?
Major Petkoff and Sergius

What story does major petkoff and sergius tell?
The story of two bulgarian women taking in a soldier and feeding him chocolates

Who does Sergius flirt with?
Louka

Who arrives unexpectedly in act 2?
Bluntschli

What has Bluntschli come to return?
The coat they let him borrow

What does Raina call him that is a slight give away
Chocolate cream soldier

Who reveals the secret of Raina being in love with Bluntschli?
Louka

What does Major Petkoff find in his coat pocket?
Raina's photo, "to my chocolate cream soldier"

What happens when Raina admits her love for Bluntschli?
Bluntschli admits his love for her, Sergius admits he is having an affair with Louka, Nicola breaks up with Louka

Bluntschli's father just died, what does that mean for him?
It means he is very, very rich and has a lot of horse.

Who is standing on the balcony at the play's opening?
Raina.

What country does the play take place in?
Bulgaria.

In the first act who enters the room to deliver news to Raina?
Catherine.

Who is Sergius?
He is Raina's fiance.

What supposedly heroic thing has Sergius done?
Lead a cavalry charge.

Who expresses dismay about the cruelty of war?
Raina.

In Act I, what does Louka tell Raina and Catherine should be done?
Fasten The Windows.

What does Bluntschli use as a weapon against Raina?
A Cloack

Where does Bluntschli hide?
Behind the Curtain

What nationality is Blunschli?
Swiss

Whose picture does Raina keep in her room at the start of the play?
Sergius’s

Catherine has what installed in the Petkoff house?
An electric bell for the servants

Why has Sergius resigned his army commission?
He’s angry he’ll never be promoted.

What is the physical evidence that Raina has feelings for Bluntschli?
A picture of herself on which Raina has written a note.

Monday, 24 December 2018

Types of poems

#Types_of_Poems

(i) Define poetry.
Ans. Poetry is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language --- such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre -- to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning. 

(ii) What is an aubade?
Ans. Aubade is a love poem welcoming or lamenting the arrival of the dawn. One of the finest aubades in literature occurs in Act II, Scene III, of Shakespeare's play Cymbeline. It begins with the famous words, "Hark, hark! The lark at heaven's gate sings". Donne's "The Sun Rising" is also an aubade.

(iii) What is a ballad?
Ans. A narrative poem, often of folk origin and intended to be sung, consisting of simple stanzas and usually having a refrain. The Anonymous medieval ballad, "Barbara Allan", exemplifies the genre.

(iv) What is a folk ballad?
Ans.Folk ballad is a song that it traditionally sung by the common people or a region and forms part of their culture. Folk ballads are anonymous and recount tragic, comic, or heroic stories with emphasis on a central dramatic event. Examples include "Barbara Allan" and "John Henry".

(v) Define a carol?
Ans. A carol is a hymn or poem often sung by a group, with an individual taking the changing stanzas and the group taking the burden or refrain. Examples include "The Burning Babe" and "The Twelve Days of Christmas"

(vi) What is a dramatic monologue?
Ans. A dramatic monologue is a poem in which an imagined speaker addresses a silent listener. It is a 'mono-drama in verse'. Examples include Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess" and T.S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock".

(vii) Define elegy.
Ans. An elegy is a mournful, melancholic or plaintive poem, especially a funeral song of a lament for the dead. It usually ends in consolation. Examples include John Milton's "Lycidas" and W.H. Auden's "In Memory of W.B. Yeats".

(viii) Define an epic.
Ans. An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation narrated in elevated style. For example, Homer's "Iliad" is an epic.

(ix) What is a mock epic?
Ans. A mock epic is a satire or parody that mocks common classical stereotypes or heroes and heroic literature. Typically, a mock epic either puts a fool in the role of the hero or exaggerates the heroic qualities to such a point that they become absurd. Examples include John Dryden's "Mac Flecknoe" and Alexander Pope's "The Rape of the Lock".

(x) What is an epigram?
Ans. An epigram is a short, satirical and witty poem (statement) usually written as a couplet or quatrain but can also be a one lined phrase. It is a brief and forceful remark with a funny ending. Examples include Walter Savage Landor's "Dirce" and Ben Jonson's "On Gut".

(xi) What is an epithalamion?
Ans. An epithalamion is a lyric ode in honour of a bride and bridegroom usually containing suggestive language and innuendo. Examples include Theocritus' "The 18th Idyll" and Edmund Spenser's "Epithalamion".

(xii) What is a hymn?
Ans. A hymn is a religious poem praising God or the divine, often sung. In English, the most popular hymns were written between the 17th and 19th centuries. Examples include Isaac Walts' "Our God, Our Help" and Charles Welsey's "My God! I Know, I Feel Thee Mine".

(xiii) What is a lyric?
Ans. A lyric is a short poem which expresses personal emotions or feelings, often in a song-like style or form. It is typically written in the first person. Examples include John Clare's "I Hid My Love" and Louise Bogan's "Song for the Last Act".

(xiv) Define an ode.
Ans. An ode is a long, often elaborate stanzaic poem of varying line lengths and sometimes intricate rhyme schemes devoted to the praise of a person, animal, place, thing or idea. Examples include P.B. Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" and John Keats' "Ode on a Grecian Urn".

(xv) What is a sonnet?
Ans. A sonnet is a poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of formal rhyme schemes. In English, a sonnet has 3 quatrains followed by a couplet and ten syllables per line. (iambic pentameter). It usually expresses a single, complete thought, idea or sentiment. Examples include P.B. Shelley's "Ozymandias" and John Keats' "When I Have Fears".

Thursday, 20 December 2018

Dramatic Structure

Dramatic Structure

                Dramatic structure involves the overall framework or method by which the playwright uses to organize the dramatic material and or action.  It is important for playwrights to establish themes but the challenge comes in applying structure to the ideas and inspirations.  Understanding basic principals of dramatic structure can be invaluable to the playwright.  Most modern plays are structured into acts that can be further divided into scenes.  The pattern most often used is a method by where the playwright sets up early on in the beginning scenes all of the necessary conditions and situations out of which the later conditions will develop. Generally the wants and desires of one character will conflict with another character.  With this method the playwright establishes a pattern of complication, rising action, climax, and resolution.  This is commonly known as cause to effect arrangement of incidents.

The basic Characteristics of the cause to effect arrangement are:

1.Clear exposition of situation
2.Careful preparation for future events
3.Unexpected but logical reversals
4.Continuous mounting suspense
5.An obligatory scene
6.Logical resolution

Tuesday, 2 October 2018

"Characteristics of an Epic Poem"

"Characteristics of an Epic Poem"

An epic is the highest type of narrative poetry. It is a long narrative poem in which the characters and the action are of heroic proportions. From the works of Homer and Virgil, certain characteristics have become established in the West as standard attributes of the epic. The main attributes are given below.

(i) The hero is a figure of great national or international importance. Moreover, the characters must belong to the highest class in a society, raised above the common man by birth, position, manners and appearance. They must be kings and princes descended from heroes, and even from the gods, compelling in their deportment and arresting in their personal appearance. In Paradise Lost the hero is Adam, who incorporates in himself the entire race of man.
(ii) The setting is ample in scale, sometimes world-wide, or even larger in the classical epic. The scope of Paradise Lost is cosmic, for it includes Heaven, Earth and Hell.
(iii) The action involves heroic deeds: Paradise Lost includes the war in Heaven, the journey of Satan to discover the newly created world, and his audacious attempt to outwit God by corrupting mankind.
(iv) The action should be an entire action, complete in itself. By this is meant that it should have a beginning, a middle, and an end.
(v) The next characteristic of the epic poem according to Aristotle is that it must have greatness, by which is meant that it must produce far-reaching consequences in which the destinies of great men and nations are involved.
(vi) God are also used in the epic as a tragedy, as deux ex machina; the intervention of supernatural machinery advances the plot and solves its complications. It not only gives ample scope for the exercise of the poet’s imagination, it also provides a proper spiritual support for the heroic deeds.
(vii) An epic poem is a ceremonial composition and deliberately given a ceremonial style proportionate to its great subject and architecture. Hence, Milton’s Latinised diction and stylized syntax, his resounding lists of strange and sonorous names, and his epic similes, that is, sustained similes in which the comparison is developed far beyond the specific points are appropriate.
(viii) The poet begins by stating his theme, then invokes a Muse in his great undertaking and addresses the Muse.

Thursday, 27 September 2018

HADDA AS MODREN TRAGEDY

HADDA AS MODREN TRAGEDY

کیا ہڈڈا گیبلر ایک ٹرریگ ڈرامہ ہے؟

بہت سے لوگ اس بات پر غور کریں گے کہ ہیڈا گیبرر اس سانحہ پر غور کیا جا سکتا ہے. اس طرح کے اعتراضات کی بنیاد پر ہوسکتا ہے، مثال کے طور پر، یہ محسوس ہوتا ہے کہ ناراض وژن کے لئے نثر نامناسب ذریعہ ہے، یونانی اور الیگزبلین کے تنازع میں ملازم آیت کے وقار اور طول و عرض کی کمی، اور زبان میں بڑی تعظیم اور عظمت کے قابل نہیں روح روایتی خطرناک ہیرو کے ساتھ منسلک ہے. مثال کے طور پر، ڈبلیو بی جی ہاںس، 'علیحدہ شعر کی صرف اسٹال گند' میں Ibsen میں پایا جاتا ہے. قریب سے متعلق ایک روایتی مفہوم یہ ہے کہ صرف چند قسم کے حروف خطرناک علاج کے لئے مناسب ہیں: کنگز، شہزادے، وہ اعلی جگہوں پر. ہیڈا ہوسکتا ہے کہ وہ 'آزادی' طلبا کے لۓ متفق رہیں، لیکن اس کے برانڈ کا آرٹسٹ روایتی ماہرین کی آنکھوں میں اس پریشانی کی حیثیت نہیں رکھتا. اس کی قسمت قوموں کی قسمت میں شامل نہیں ہے؛ ان کی ڈرامہ عوامی اور سماجی بجائے گھریلو ہے. تاہم، یہ روایتی دانشوروں کو نشانہ بنایا جا سکتا ہے کہ اس قسم کی سماجی رجسٹرڈ کو مضبوطی سے مضبوطی کے سلسلے کو باہمی طور پر مضبوط کرنے کے لئے لگتا ہے کہ ایک مساوات کی عمر میں زیادہ سے زیادہ غیر موزوں ہے، اور گزشتہ دو سو سالوں کا زیادہ ادب - ناول کی شکل میں اس کے ساتھ ساتھ ڈرامائی میڈیم میں - نے طاقتور طور پر اس بات کو چیلنج کیا ہے کہ یونانی اور الیگزبلین کے سانحہ میں 'افسوس ہے کہ خوفناک درد عظیم اور اعلی پیدا ہونے والا ہے'. یہ سچ ہے کہ آیت کو خطرناک اثر، تیز جذبات، ہمارے کردار کی احساس کو گہرائی اور اس کے معیار کو دینے کے لئے ایک ڈرامہ کے افق کو بڑھانے کے لئے ممکنہ طور پر شامل کرسکتا ہے. لیکن یہ یقین کرنے کے لئے غلط ہوگا کہ آئسن کی جانبدارانہ طور پر مسترد ہونے کا مطلب یہ ہے کہ وہ نہ صرف نثر کرنے کے لئے بلکہ ناراض ہونے کے لئے. ہیڈا گبارر (واقعی میں آبیبین کے تمام وائلڈ بتھ کے اساتذہ) ان کی حقیقت پسندی کی ترتیبات، قدرتی اور سونامی اعتراض، اور عام تقریر کو مسلسل اور میرے دماغ پر قابو پانے کے عکاسی گونج کرنے کی صلاحیت کا ثبوت دیتا ہے. آخر میں یہ Ibsen کے تصور کی طاقت ہے جس سے وہ ہیڈا کی پوزیشن دیکھتا ہے اس بات کو یقینی بناتا ہے کہ ہم صرف ایک ڈرائنگ روم میں گھومنے والے ناروے کے گھریلو خاتون نہیں دیکھتے ہیں، لیکن ایک پنجرا میں پھنسے روح کی تھیٹر تصویر؛ اور مشہور پستول اور بال میں 'انگور کی پتیوں' کے حوالے سے تمام گہری اور 'علامتی' اہمیتوں کی طرف منتقل کرنے کے لئے تمام بات چیت میں ایک رجحان کی صرف انتہائی مثال ہیں، کیونکہ Ibsen ڈرامائی جذبات کو غیر ملکی externals کو نہیں دینے کی کوشش کرتے ہیں لیکن ہیڈا کے بدسلوکی کے اندرونی کور پر.
کیا ہیڈا ایک ٹررایک ہیروئن ہے؟
یہ اب بھی بحث کی جاسکتی ہے کہ ہیڈا کافی غمگین نایکا کے طور پر دیکھا جا رہا ہے. اس کے شوہر کے لئے، اس تھی کے اس کے معتبر تباہی کا علاج، اور Loevborg کی زندگی میں اس کے شدید اور خطرناک مداخلت کے لئے اس کی ناراضگی - ان میں سے کوئی بھی قابل ذکر نہیں ہے. اور اس کی زندگی اور موت ہمیں کیا سکھاتی ہے؟ کھیل میں مثبت کہاں ہیں؟ اس کے پیچھے وہاں یہ خیال ہے کہ اس بات پر زور دیا گیا ہے کہ خطرناک ہیرو کو روح کی عزت ہے، اور اس کی تکلیف سے کچھ مثبت جانیں. آر پی. ڈریپر ان نسخے سے سوال کرتے ہیں، جسے وہ کہتے ہیں کہ حملے جیسے کھیلوں کے لئے اچھی طرح سے کام کرتا ہے لیکن شاید کسی دوسرے قسم کے کھیل کے لئے کافی نہیں ہے، جیسے میکبیت:
اس طرح کے سانحہ پر مبنی تنقید (حملی کی طرح 'اسراہل سانحہ'، اس کے مثبت جذبات کے ساتھ). . . شکست میں کامیابی کے لئے تلاش کرنے کے لئے لگتی ہے، جو ایک ادارہ ہے جو ڈریگنوں کے بجائے اعتماد کرتا ہے. اس مصیبت جس میں انسانیت کو برقرار رکھنے یا انسانیت کو برقرار رکھنے کے لئے اہم قوتوں کی مسخ اور برتری سے آتی ہے یا زندگی کے بہاؤ کے شروپاورینیا احساس سے نکلنے والی خونریزی کا سامنا کرنا پڑتا ہے. یہ ان کے لئے تیار نہیں ہیں، یا وہ غیر تراشے کی سطح پر ردعمل کی جاتی ہیں.
شاید، جیسا کہ ڈریپر کا مطلب ہے، ہمیں اس پریشانی کا ہمارے تصور کو وسیع کرنے کی ضرورت ہے اگر یہ ہیڈا گیبرر داخل کرنے کے لئے بہت تنگ ہے؛ ہمیں تھیٹر تجربہ سے اپیل کرنا ہوگا.