"The Painter" by John Ashbery

"The Painter" by John Ashbery

Introduction and Theme of the poem

Ashbery’s interest in painting led him to write this poem. The painter is fully representative of Ashbery’s poetry. Ashbery uses a persona to reveal his poetic urge. The Painter is the mouthpiece of Ashbery. The poet uses cinematic images in the poem to make it as dynamic and visual as possible. The poem tells us that the painter is sitting between the sea and the tall buildings. He is attempting to create something impossible but remains unsuccessful. The people in the building encourage him to write common subject. He uses his wife as subject of his painting. He does it so exquisitely but again turns to his previous subject of sea. His efforts to paint the sea automatically are not realized and he is mocked by the people in the tall buildings. The painter is crucified by his subject. His desire of innovative and futuristic art remains only a prayer and longing. He is not able to achieve the extraordinary because of the ordinary demands of the audience.

The main theme of the poem is that innovator, modern and creative artists are crucified by the traditional and conventional people. This is not the only theme because the poem is to be understood at many different levels.

A CRITIQUE OF THE PAINTER

Ashbery’s poems are abstract paintings in words.

Introduction

John Ashbery uses painter as persona to present before us his conception of poetry. The painter like Ashbery is innovator and wants to capture the vitality of life rather than the mere surface transmit beauty of the same. The painter is the most representative of Ashbery’s poems and it is a key to understanding Ashbery both as and poet and artist. The painter breaks down the traditional and orthodox restrictions on the art laid by the classicists and wants to steal the essence of art. Ashbery is no moralist and conceives the art for its own sake. As the bird sings for its own sake, Ashbery writes in the same fashion. The poem has been composed in Sestina. A Sestina is a form of rhymed or unrhymed poem of six stanzas of six lines and a concluding triplet in which the same six words at the line-ends occur in each stanza in six different sequences, apart from the final triplet, in which each line contains two of these words, one at the middle and one at the end.

There are many salient features of the poem that we can analyze as under.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THOUGHT

Symbolic elements

The poem is highly symbolic and packed with symbols that it seems like an allegory. The poem is not imaginative rather it is concrete pregnant with symbolic allusions:

Sitting between the sea and the buildings
He enjoyed painting the seas portrait.
But just as children imagine a prayer
Is merely silence, he expected his subject

The sea is a symbol of creativity ad the unexplored depths of human consciousness. It also resents the vitality and essence or life, which has been long ignored. The buildings and their architecture are the explored and achieved conditions of art. The painter symbolizes the creative and modern urge and the people in the buildings are traditional critics who fail to understand the philosophy of art.

Symbolically, the poem shows the condition of the artist sandwiched between two contrasting forces behind art; conventional, traditional and superficial approach on the one hand and modern, creative, experimental and innovative on the other. The modern artist is not restricted by the limited and restrictive view of life. He is the controller of his art and defines its parameters. He believes that art is all-powerful and vast and it cannot be conceived in a traditional narrow thinking. His analogy is child’s prayer is not analogy only rather through it, he presents a philosophy of art. The artist should be a meditator and start art like a prayer. Ashbery knows;

To rush up the sand, and, seizing a brush,
Plaster its own portrait on the canvas.

is insane and even a common mind cannot entertain such an idea. So such conception of art in reality can be achieved only through prayer in silence. The difference between artificial art and vital art is presented by the artist with his back to the buildings and the face to the sea.

Subjectivity and Objectivity

There was no paint on the canvas

Objective art is difficult to attain but it lends realism and universality to the artist’s masterpiece and the objective art is not bound by the artist, his consciousness or his artistic ability, so the painter meditated for long but nothing appeared on the canvas. The painter wanted either to paint objectively or nothing at all. He was an iconoclast, his representation of art must be perfect other wise; he will be just another artist in the echoes of the millions of artists in the world. But the people in the were urging the artist to

Try using the brush
As a means to an end. Select, for a portrait,
Something less angry and large, and more subject
To a painter’s moods, or, perhaps, to a prayer

Because they were the upholders of the traditional art of subjectivity which was delimited by the artist’s mind and couldn’t survive in the limitless regions of the vast universe. This is the reaction of the traditional artists to the experimental nature of the modern artists.

Definition of Art

The painter responds to the rationalists with a true conviction of a perfect artist in the following lines;

How could he explain to them his prayer
That nature, not art, might usurp the canvas?

The painter’s conception of art is like that of a child’s prayer which is a direct relationship between the artist and the art like that of a prayee to God. This concept cannot be materialized and explained to the traditionalists, for they cannot understand the artist’s avant-garde approach. The painter’s definition of artist that objective representation of reality must be the basis of art, the art confined by the artist’s feelings and emotions is not true and genuine. Soul, spirit, vitality of life, the essence of reality are the features which the painter is aspiring in his portrait. The painter further asserts:

My soul, when I paint this next portrait
Let it be you who wrecks the canvas.

Political and Religious Allegory

Allegory is fictional literary narrative or artistic expression that conveys a symbolic meaning parallel to but distinct from, and more important than, the literal meaning. The Painter is both a political and religious allegory. The pathetic state of the painter lends political and social interpretations of the poem. The Communist Manifesto, the Puritan Theocracy, The Martial Laws and Hitlarian and Fascistic authorities all crucify the innovators and curb freedom of expression of those who champion a new cause for the welfare of humanity or art. The line:

Try using the brush for a means to an end

Shows the selfishness of the political gains. The writer should be a representative of a political party as well as was the case in Russia which demanded the Socialist Realism. The painter was a genuine artist who opposed these political and Hitlarian manifestos and their restrictions on art. He was a free agent and wanted freedom in his art, so he could easily attempt his poetic vision, but this freedom is not allowed as Ashbery depicts:

The news spread like a wild fire thought the buildings
He had gone back to the sea for his subject
Imagine a painter crucified by his subject.

The visionary painter was crucified by the so called custodians of political beliefs who never allowed a novelty or change which will pose a danger to their established government and systems. The poem was written in 1956—a period of tussle in which the freedom of action and thought was restrained by the Russian Communists. The poem tells a story of a painter who was a visionary and pioneer of a new approach in art which practically meant an opposition to the existing system or order so he was crucified or burnt at the stakes by the politicians.

The word ‘crucify’ has religious connotation so the poem becomes a religious allegory too. And reminds us of the story of Christ who brought a system of theocracy as a welfare to humanity but was rejected by the selfish so called chiefs of Judaism and was commanded by Pontius Pilate to be crucified for the political gains of Roman Empire. In this way, the innovates are punished in a society of selfishness, greed and power which denies welfare to humanity.

Tragic Elements in the Painter

Ashbery is very akin to T.S. Eliot and Robert Frost. Most of his poems are like theirs speaking of sense of uncertainty, the looming fear, gloom and loneliness.

The atmosphere of fear, gloom and loneliness is also visible. The painter is alone with sense of gloomy uncertainty in his art for perfection. The sea symbolizes loneliness too. The people in the buildings have alienated the painter for his self-chosen seemingly impossible task rather than supporting him in his quest for the objective representation of reality. The painter is the protagonist feeling conflict sandwiched between traditions and modernity. All modern tragedies show conflict of the protagonist with society and its established norms and tragically doomed for this Hamartia that the protagonist bears. The painter is the protagonist working as opposed to the demands and conventions of society. The society may accept him if he becomes rational enough to understand the mere creative vision doesn’t suffice the creation. His Hamartia causes his crucifixion and ends the poem with tragic touches and a bit of Catharsis.

Style, Technique and Imagery 

The poem has been composed in an arresting and forceful. His technique to the poem is one such as employed by the abstract painters. So Ashbery’s rightly gives the concept of his poetry in the following words, ‘My poems are paintings in words.’’

His approach in the poem is objective rather than subjective. The diction is simple and relevant to the subject. John Ashbery is a perfect craftsman like Alexander Pope, Spenser, Tennyson and Surrey-Wyatt, the American examples being Richard Wilbur and Robert Frost. He is renowned for artistic galore in his poetry. His diction is simple and colloquial and must conform to the themes and ideas presented in the poem. The painter is no exception. All these stylistic features are perfectly applicable to the poem. All the key words which point to the main theme of the poem have been wrapped at the end to give them extra significance.

The imagery is fresh and startling. The images of sea, canvas, portrait and prayer all contribute to the thematic development of the poem.

Conclusion

The Painter is perfectly a representative of John Ashbery’s poems and a key to understanding his concepts regarding poetry. In Painter, Ashbery achieves artistic perfection with simplicity of diction. The painter can be interpreted at many different levels of understanding that is the beauty and charm of the poem. The language, themes, imagery and style make the poem an exquisite piece of literature. The title of the poem is also radically, very few poems would have been written with such titles. Ashbery combines surrealistic techniques of painting with poetic grandeur.

Critical Points to Remember

1.      Ashbery believes in the objective representative of art and not subjective representation of the same.

2.      The paint’s canvas and the sea are both vast and difficult to capture. But the innovator and modern painter is bent upon this mission.

3.      The view that art should be over powered and inspired by the force of reality is opposed by the people in the buildings. So the painter is post modernist and the people are traditional artists and a conflict between the two is apparent.

4.      The painter believes that the artist should be in control of his art and dictate all its terms and conditions of the creation of act.

5.      The people in the building are the critics who believe that act should be a direct reflection of the artist’s limited personal view.

6.      Painting the sea becomes and metaphor for creating life. The act of any type. He paints his wife for a part of painting she will not be a challenge for him.

7.      He was surprised to discover the mystery of womanhood and the unfathomable depth of humanity – painting her was an unexpected and shocking experience explaining ruined buildings. The image of the ruined buildings suggests both familiarity and mystery.