English literature and linguistics: Past Papers The Sea Edward Bond MA English part II...

English literature and linguistics: Past Papers The Sea Edward Bond MA English part II...: past papers  The Sea Edward Bond  MA English part II  PU 2014 to 2018   2014 year 4 : Why does Bond refuse to suggest a solution...

Past Papers The Sea Edward Bond MA English part II PU 2014 to 2018

past papers 

The Sea Edward Bond

 MA English part II 

PU 2014 to 2018 

2014 year

4 : Why does Bond refuse to suggest a solution to the problems of the society ? what are the recommendation made in The Sea regarding the responsibility of the individual in the search for the truth?

7: Write a critical note on the following:

Tragedy- from Sophocles to Edward Bond.

Supplymentry. Year 2014

4 : The Sea questions the moral and social hypocritical attitudes that dominate our private and public behaviour without suggesting any alternatives. What is the use of such a play?

7: Write a critical note on the following

a: The first scene of the Sea.

2015 annual year

Q 5: What does Bond gain by inserting The classical tragedy of Orpheus within the tragedy of modern world in The Sea.

Supplementary 2015 year

6: How far would you agree that the ending of the play The Sea is justified?

 2016 year

5: How does Edward Bond synthesize the classical and romantic dramatic traditions with, modern political theatre in The Sea?

2017 year

How far do you think that the last scene of Bond's play The Sea is dramatically effective?

How_does_this_compare_to_today_s_religious

#What_role_do_the_gods_play_in_Oedipus_Rex?
#How_does_this_compare_to_today_s_religious
#beliefs?

#EXPERT_ANSWERS

One of the main themes explored in Oedipus Rex, simply put, is the age-old question of what controls human destiny, fate (the gods) or our own personal choices (free will).

In the play, the entire plot centers around a god-given prophesy (or spoken fate), that Oedipus would one day kill his father and marry his mother. His parents immediately attempt to protect their child from this fate and order his death. The baby is not killed, however, and grows up to fulfil the exact details of the prophesy.

As in most of Greek literature and the culture of ancient Greece, the roll of the gods here is as the higher power believed to be in control of human destiny. The ancient Greeks believed the gods controlled everything, from seasons and weather, to prosperity and poverty.

As you know from reading the play, the characters consistently appeal to Apollo for answers, then choose to act independently to change the outcome of what he decrees (fate versus free will). The characters understand that the famine in the land is due to something that has angered the gods, therefore they seek to discover the root of the problem, and eliminate it. Oedipus leads the charge. When he is named as the problem, however, he is arrogant and defiant. By ignoring Teiresias, he completely fulfils the destiny he was given as a baby, which is the same destiny his parents were also unable to protect him from.

Some argue that the gods were in control all along, because no matter what Oedipus or his parents tried to do, he still fulfilled his damning prophesy. Others argue that nothing would have happened at all if Oedipus' parents would not have originally tried to escape their son's fate, or if the shepherd would have fully carried out his orders, or if Oedipus had not grown up to become so arrogant and let his anger control his actions.

So, do we control our fate by the choices we make, or is there a higher power that is ultimately in control? The answer to this question remains ambiguous at the end of the play. One reason the play continues to be read and studied is because of this very theme. Even in today's religious beliefs, this question arises often, and continues to be debated. Humans still argue over the fate versus free will debate.
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POETRY 1 SUPPLLIMENTARY PU LAHORE 2017/S

POETRY 1 SUPPLEMENTARY  PU LAHORE 2017/S

Q1.      Explain with reference to the context any three of the following.

a)         Meanwhile the winged Heralds, by command

            Of Sovran power, with awful ceremony

            And trumpet’s sound throughout the host proclaim

            A solemn council forthwith to be held

            OfSatan and his peers.

b)         And yet he was but easy of dispense

            He kept that he was in pestilence

            For gold in physic is a cordial

            Therefore he loved gold in special

c)         He spoke; the spirit from the sails descend

            Some third the mazy ringlets of her hair;

With beating hearts the dire event they wait,

Anxious, and trembling for the Birth of Fate

d)         More subtle than the parent is

            Love must not be, but take a body too,

And therefore what thou wert, and who,

I bid love asked, and now

e)         It was no dream, for I lay broad awaking,

But all is turned now, through my gentleness,

Into a bitter fashion of forsaking

And i have leave to go of her goodness

Q2.      Chaucer’s characters are medieval as well as modern. Discuss with reference Prologue to the Canterbury Tales.

Q3.      Milton deals with the complex theme of bringing a balance between good and bad with reference to your reading Milton.

Q4.      Is done a misogynist? Give your opinion.

Q5.      “To make a trivial episode into a epic theme and to treat the social customer of England with an assumed epic seriousness is the hallmark of Pope as a poet in mock” Do you agree? Elaborate your answer.

Q6.      Discuss the thematic concerns in Wyatt OR Surrey.

Q7.      Write a critical appreciation of the following poems.

past papers MA English part 2 John keats [selected poems]

Past Papers MA English part 2  John keats [selected poems]

Annual 2014

Q4: How far does the imagery in the ' Ode to a Nightingale' complement  its thematic concerns?

Supplementary 2014

Q4: Comment on the
structure  of 'Dejection: an ode'. BY ST COLLERIDGE

Q5: Discuss the thematic concerns of'Hyperion' Book 1.

Annual 2015

Q4: How far may Ode to Autumn be read as recognition of harmony in the natural world?

Supplementary 2015

Q4: Comment on balance and symmetry in Ode On  A  Greciun Urn.

Annual 2016

Q5: How does the structure  of Hyperion Book 1 Supports its themes?

Annual 2017

Q4:How does the imagery  in Hyperion Book 1 support its  themes ?

Past Papers of MA English part II PU

Past Papers of MA English part II
Novel Heart of Darkness

Annual 2014

Q2: What are some symbols in Heart of Darkness?How do they relate to the plot and d characters?

Q1:Is  Chiny Achebe right P _is heart of Darknes racist? Does the book  present a simple and degrading view of the native Africans?

Supplementary 2014

Q1:What is Conrad ultimately trying to convey to the reader in Heart of Darkness?

Q2:Why does Marlow lie to Kurtz's Financee  about Kurtz's last words?

Annual 2015
Q1: Conrad uses the technique of impressionism in  Heart of Darkness?Exemplify.
Q2: Heart of Darkness is about the horrors of western civilization
comment?

Supplementary 2015
Q1:Discuss Heart of Darkness as a novel about Imperialism.

Q2:Is Marlow the moral hero of Heart of Darkness?

Annual 2016

Q1:In Heart of Darkness every time there is a shift between this narrator and Marlow who narrates most of the story.To what effect Conrad uses This technique.

Q2:What adverse effect colonization has on the European  colonizers depicted in the Heart of Darkness?

Annual 2017

Q1:Heart of Darkness finally exposes the dark side of European Imperialism?

Q2:Who is the hero of the Heart of Darkness ?Does the hero holds out grace?

Allegory in Gulliver's travel

Allegory is really a Greek word, meaning speaking otherwise. The easiest type of allegory includes a story or situation written in a way regarding have two coherent meanings. As with Dryden's Absalom and Achitophil, Scriptural figures represent contemporary historic personas. Similarly, "Gulliver's Travels" is really a hidden satiric discuss contemporary situation of England as well as on males generally. This coherent system of the hidden second meaning is sign of allegory.

"Gulliver's Travels" is characteristically allegorical. Quite simply, not all things in it can go literally except by children. The mature readers will realize that Quick includes a serious moral purpose on paper these accounts of voyages of Gulliver to various lands. Quick is here now mocking in the way people behave. There's almost no institution within the civilized existence from the European nations that escapes the scrutiny and also nyyn scathing critique of Quick. Like a commentator highlights, to amuse wasn't Swift's sole object. His other object ended up being to instruct the race of humanity with a witty exposure of human follies, absurdities and errors with the aid of allegorical products.

Inside a Voyage to Lilliput, we discover allegory most abundantly. The debate present in Lilliput on with the idea to break a boiled egg from the large finish in order to break from the little finish is definitely an allegory for that religious debate of Catholics and Protestants in England and meaninglessness of the debate is fully uncovered by Quick. Similarly, people owned by Low Heels and High Heel Shoes in Lilliput would be the allegorical representation of England's political parties i.e. Conservatives and Whigs. Not just occasions are allegorically presented but additionally figures in Egists. Flimnap in Lilliput may be the representation of Mister Robert Walpole the then pm of England. Those activities including rope dancing and jumping over, or sneaking within stick in Lilliput, is clearly a satire on Mister Robert Walpole's skill in parliamentary tactics and political intrigues. Looking of Gulliver through the Lilliputians might have some mention of the a committee, this was created through the Whigs to research the conduct from the previous government and particularly of Oxford and Bolingbroke who have been suspected of treasonable associations with France and also the Old Pretender. Similarly, Skyresh Bolgolam continues to be recognized because the Earl of Notingham whom Quick assaulted while he had withdrawn his support in the Harley Government. Extinguishing of fireside from the Lilliputian's Structure by Gulliver's piss and Queen's bitterness regarding this clearly provides the hint of Full Anne's bitterness for Quick on writing An Account of Tub. Not just occasions and persons have allegorical traces within the first voyage of Gulliver but places also provide the allegorical traces. As there's a continuing conflict between Lilliput and Blefuscu just like England and France have. There's a ocean funnel between Lilliput and Blefuscu just like, there's an British funnel between England and France. There's a lot more allegorical within the voyage to Lilliput.



Within the voyage to Brobdingnag, you will find couple of particular references to political occasions from the British existence. Your comments ought to from the king of Brobdingnag express the political sights of Swift's party on the mercenary military, denunciations of standing armies, around the British economic climate as well as on the nation's debt. Furthermore, the Brobdingnagian King really (and allegorically)

expresses Swift's condemnation of gambling, his issue for the neglected education from the upper classes and the deeply rooted bitterness to lawyers. There's strong evidence the beggars pointed out within the land of Brobdingnag are inspired through the beggars of Dublin (Ireland) about whom Quick had stated much in the literature and sermons.

Voyage III again develops in allegory. The scientific projects referred to simply III show Swift's acquaintance with quite a number of current projects and experiments using the work from the people from the Royal Society. The flying island owes something to Gilbert's ideas of magnetism and simultaneously, the suggestive of the oppressive influence of England over Ireland. The useless scientific and political projects from the Academy of Projectors in Voyage III allegorically represent the impracticable projects from the Royal Society though Quick has pointed out them in Voyage III with humorous vein.



In Voyage towards the country of Houyhnhnms, allegorical implication doesn't only fit in with the ecu nations but humanity also. Gulliver has become inside a country in which the horses are possessed of reason and therefore are the regulating class, as the Yahoos, though getting the form of people, are brutal monsters, without reason and without conscience. Gulliver, taking up a situation backward and forward, part animal, part reason, is Swift's allegorical picture from the dual character of guy. Due to the neglect of or misuse of human reason, guy has sunk closer to the Yahoo pole of his character. Quick offers this type of dark picture of human instinct because he is known as a misanthrope.

To summarize we are able to assert that Gulliver's Travels is basically an allegory. It not just is definitely the then social and political situation of England and Europe but additionally universal human qualities in collective and individual light. That's why Gulliver's Travels comes with an abiding appeal there lies Swift's greatness.

Past papers of MA English part II PU Philip Larkin's poetry

Past papers of MA English part II PU  Philip Larkin's poetry

Annual 2014

Q5: Larkin's poetry is about coming to terms with loss.Comment.

Supplementary 2014

Q2:Discuss the use of irony in the poems of Larkin prescribed in your syllabus.

Annual 2015

Q5:Comment on Larkin's tone of ironic detachment  with detailed reference to at least two of his poems.

Supplementary
2016

Q5:Discuss the role of irony in Larkin's poetry.

Annual 2016

Q3:Discuss the role of irony in two poems by Larkin.

Annual 2017

Q2: Larkin's poem move from the particular to the general.What impact does this have the reader?Answer with detailed reference to any two of his poems.

William Blake’s Theory of Contrariness

William Blake’s Theory of Contrariness
Songs of Innocence and of Experience is a collection of short lyric poems accompanied by Blake's original illustrations. The two sections juxtapose the state of innocence and that of experience. Many of the poems in Blake's words they were meant to show "the two contrary states of the human soul"; the illustration of innocence and experience. The tone of the first series is admirably sounded by the introductory "Piping down the valleys wild" and that of second the dark picture of poor babes "fed with cold and usurous hand".
Blake is bitter against those who go "up to the Church to pray" while the misery of the innocent is around them. His theory of Contraries is summarized in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell: "Without Contraries is no progression. Attraction and repulsion, reason and energy, love and hate, are necessary to human existence." The essence of Blake's theory is that, in some paradoxical way, it is possible for the contraries of innocence and experience to co-exist within a human being. The crime of "religion" was its attempt "to destroy existence" by ignoring or minimizing the essential oppositions in human nature.  The word ‘contrary’ had a very specific and important meaning for Blake. Like almost all great poets, he was an enemy of dualism. Western thought has been intensely dualistic, seeing everything as composed of warring opposites, head and heart, body and spirit, male and female as though the split between the hemispheres of the human brain were projecting itself on everything perceived. A study of the poems in the two groups shows the emotional tensions between the two Contrary States.

“Piping down the valleys wild”

In the "Songs of Innocence", Blake expresses the happiness of a child's first thoughts about life. To the child, the world is one of happiness, beauty, and love. At that stage of life, the sunshine of love is so radiant that human suffering appears only temporary and fleeting. In the Introduction to the first series, Blake represents a laughing child as his inspiration for his poems. And in the poems that follow in this series, Blake gives us his vision of the world as it appears to the child or as it affects the child. And this world is one of purity, joy, and security. The children are themselves pure, whether their skin is black or white.  They are compared to lambs "whose innocent call" they hear. Both "child" and "lamb" serve as symbols for Christ. Joy is everywhere—in the "Joy but two days old"; in the leaping and shouting of the little ones; in the sun, in the bells, in the voices of the birds; in the Laughing Song all Nature rejoices. But, above all, there is security. There is hardly a poem in which a symbol of protection, a guardian figure of some kind, does not occur. In The Echoing Green, the old folk are close by, while the children play. Elsewhere there is the shepherd watching over his sheep; there are the mother, the nurse, the lion', the angels, and, most important of all, God Himself. There is spontaneous happiness and delight in these groups of poems as “The Infant Boy” illustrates, ‘‘I happy am/ Joy is my name’.

“These flowers of London town!
Seated in companies they sit
with radiance all their own”

In the first Holy Thursday, poor children sit "with radiance of their own"; while in the second Holy Thursday, the poet deplores the fact that there should be so many poor and hungry children depending on charity in a country which is otherwise rich and fruitful. The second poem is very moving, as it was intended to be. We thus have pictures of contrary states. In the "Songs of Innocence", the prevailing symbol is the Iamb, which is an innocent creature of God and which also symbolizes the child Christ. In the "Songs of Experience" the chief symbol is the tiger as expressed by the first stanza:

“Tiger! Tiger! burning bright
In the forests of the night”
Where ‘forests of the night’ symbolize experience. The tiger burns metaphorically with rage and quickly becomes for some a symbol of anger and passion. The poet asks a crucial question here. Did God Who made the lamb also make the tiger? The lamb, innocent and pretty, seems the work of a kindly, comprehensible Creator. The splendid but terrifying tiger makes us realize that God's purposes are not so easily understood. The tiger represents the created universe in its violent and terrifying aspects. It also symbolizes violent and terrifying forces within the individual man, and these terrifying forces have to be faced and fully recognized. The two poems called The Lamb and The Tiger do, indeed, represent two contrary states of the human soul. No contrast could have been more vivid and more striking. Blake sees exploitation in the songs of experience as exemplified by the following lines from, ‘London’.

“And mark in every face I meet
Marks of weakness, marks of woe”

The poems in the second group record the wounds and cruelties of the civilized world. Some of them are bitter comments on the restraints forged by custom and law. Here Blake deplores the dominance of reason, religion, law, and morality, and he deplores the suppression of natural impulses, and more especially the suppression of the sexual impulse. Instead of innocence, joy, and security, Blake finds guilt, misery, and tyranny in the world. The protective guardians have disappeared and in their place are the tyrants. The rigors of sexual morality are depicted in A Little Girl Lost, The Sick Rose, The Angel, and Ah, Sunflower. The Sick Rose shows the destructive effects of sexual repression. In The Angel, the maiden realizes too late what she has missed. Ah, Sunflower shows the youth "pining away with desire", and the "pale virgin shrouded in snow", because both of them were denied sexual fulfillment.

The contrasts Blake sets forth in the Songs are echoes of English society's approach to the social and political issues of his era—a time characterized, on the one hand, by increasing desire for personal, political, and economic freedom, and on the other, by anxiety regarding the potential consequences of that freedom for social institutions. Several of the poems directly address contemporary social problems, for example, “The Chimney-Sweeper” deals with child labor and “Holy Thursday” describes the grim lives of charity children. The most fully-realized social protest poem in the Songs is “London,” a critique of urban poverty and misery. Thus contrariness are a must.  The language and vision not just of Blake but of poetry itself insists that the contraries are equally important and inseparable. ‘Without contraries is no progression’, wrote Blake. He sought to transform the energies generated by conflict into creative energies, moving towards mutual acceptance and harmony. Thus, by describing innocence and experience as ‘contrary states of the human soul’, Blake is warning us that we are not being invited to choose between them, that no such choice is possible. He is not going to assert that innocent joy is preferable to the sorrows of experience.

Past papers of MA English part 2 Drama PU The Sea of Bond 2015 16 17 2014 year

Past papers of MA English part 2 Drama PU  The Sea of Bond 2015 16 17
2014 year

4 :   Why does Bond refuse  to suggest a solution to the problems of the society ? what are  the recommendation made in The Sea  regarding  the responsibility of the individual  in the search for the truth?

7:  Write a critical  note on the following:

Tragedy-  from Sophocles to Edward Bond. 

Supplymentry. Year  2014

4 :  The Sea  questions the moral and social hypocritical attitudes  that dominate our private and public behaviour without suggesting any alternatives. What is the use of such a play?

7: Write a critical note on the following

a:   The first scene of the Sea.

2015  annual year

Q 5:  What does Bond gain  by inserting  The classical tragedy of Orpheus  within the tragedy  of modern world in The Sea.

Supplementary  2015 year

6:  How far would  you agree that the ending of the play  The Sea  is justified?      2016 year

5: How does Edward Bond synthesize the classical and romantic dramatic traditions with, modern political theatre  in The Sea?    2017 year

How far do you think that  the last scene of Bond's play The Sea  is dramatically effective?

Human-Animal Communication

Human-Animal Communication

Language is primarily human. It is humans alone that possess language and use it for communication. Language is, in that sense, species-specific–it is specific only to one set of species. Also, all human beings uniformly possess language. It is only a few deaf and dumb persons who cannot speak. Thus language is species-uniform to that extent. Animals also have their own system of communication but communication between them is extremely limited.

It is limited to a very small number of messages.  The first principle is that language relates to communication between human beings, not between animals. Language shows certain inherent features of design. These features set it apart from other forms of communication; particularly animal communication. 

The famous American linguist, Charles Hackett has found key properties of language or design features which as a whole don’t appear among animals: these are the design features of language. These are seven: duality, productivity, arbitrariness, interchangeability, displacement, specialization and cultural transmission. Animal communication can never encompass all the properties of human communication. In this regard, Bertrand Russell’s dictum is appropriate: 

“No matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannot tell 

you that his parents were poor but honest”.

Human Language	Animal Communication
Unlimited	Limited and finite
Open system	Closed system
Extendible	Inextendible
Flexible and varied	Non-inflexible
Non-intrinsic	Instinctive
Acquired	Inherent
Creativity	Non-creativity
Recurrent	Repetitive
Has grammaticality	No grammaticality
Cognitively behavioral	Only behavioral
Descriptive & narrative	No-descriptive

 Firstly, language has phonological and grammatical duality. We have small meaningless sounds and turn them into a number of sequences to produce millions of meaningful utterances. This is the most economical feature of language.

Secondly, productivity refers to the creative capacity of language users to produce an endless number of new sentences, in contrast to the communication systems of individuals which are limited to set formulas and are thus ‘unproductive’. Chomsky calls it Creativity.  It means that we can create sentences which we have never spoken or heard of. Animals don’t possess this quality. 

Thirdly, in language, the role of the speaker and hearer can be exchanged without any problem. Any user of the language is both a listener and a speaker. In the animal world, some are endowed with the ability while others are not.

 Fourthly, Human Speech is a specialized activity. We can talk about an exciting experience while at the same time doing something else like peeling potatoes.

Fifthly, a human being, for example, can talk about the past, the present or the future, of an event that happened nearby or thousands of miles away. An animal cannot do that. When a dog produces a certain sound, it generally refers to the present.

Man is said to be intimately disposed to learn a language. His innate competence helps him master the unique features of a specific language. Thus language is transmitted from generation to generation. Animals don’t learn their call systems from elders. Their knowledge is inherent. 

Language is both species-specific and species-uniform. We acquire our native tongue by cultural transmission. It is by means of our native tongue that we receive cultural transmissions that we learn and adapt. This is the spiral that has driven human development. Animal communication differs from human communication in many ways as illustrated in the chart.

Furthermore, language makes use of discrete symbols while animal communication systems are often continuous or non-discrete. One can clearly distinguish between /k/, /æ/ and /t/ in the word cat but one cannot identify different discrete symbols in the long humming sound that a bee produces. A bee’s dance or a cock’s crow is today the same that it was two hundred years ago. It is not so in the case of language. Language is changing, growing every day and new words are coming up.  Human language is far more structurally complex than animal communication.  Human language is complex while there is no complexity in Lamb’s cry. 

In short, there is a great difference between the two species yet in many ways, humans interpret the behaviour of domestic animals, or can command them. Humans have behaviors that resemble animal’s interspecific communication. Some of our bodily features - eyebrows, beards and moustaches - strongly resemble adaptations to producing signals. Humans also often seek to mimic animals' communicative signals in order to interact with the animals. For example, humans often close their eyes towards a pet cat to establish a tolerant relationship. Stroking, petting and rubbing pet animals are all actions that probably work through their natural patterns of interspecific communication.

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