Linguistics Terms (Part 2)
a. What is Linguistics?
Ans:- Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
2. How is linguistics a Science?
Lingustics is the scientific study/ systematic study of language. In linguistics the method is applied by making observations, testing hypotheses and deriving theories. So, linguistics is a science but social science not a practical science.
3. What is meant by Sychronic and Diachronic study of language?
Syn-chronic study of language is the study of language at a fix point or present but Diachronic study of language is the study of language change or study of language through history
4. Define syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations with examples.
The syntagmatic is concern the positioning of the words and phrases or lateral positioning. Paradigmatic is concerning the substitution words or vertical relation. For example; syntagmatic: He goes to the school. To the school he goes. Paradigmatic: He goes to the school. He goes to the home.
5. What are the major levels of linguistics?
Ans:- The major levels of linguistics are Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Pragmatics, Semantics,
i. Phonetics is the study of individual units of sound in languages.
ii. Phonology means the study of the sound system of one or more languages. Phonology is the organisation of sound into patterns and involves the classification of sounds and a description of the interrelationship of the elements on a systematic level
Morphology is the study of words and other meaningful units of language.
Semantics is the study of sentence meaning; pragmatics is the study of sentence meaning in context
Syntax is the study of sentences and phrases, and the rules of grammar that
sentences obey.
lexiconThe sum total of all words in a language)
Graphology is the study of handwriting as a means of analyzing character. Also called handwriting analysis
6. H. Who is Noam Chomsky?
Ans:- Noam Chomsky is the proponent of Mentalist Theory.
7. Who is Saussure?
Ans:- Ferdinand de Saussure is the originator of the 20th century reappearance of structuralism.
8. what is Linguistic Competence and Performance
Linguistic competence is the system of linguistic knowledge possessed by native speakers of a language. It is distinguished from linguistic performance, which is the way a language system is used in communication
9. what is Linguistic Competence and Performance
The difference between "langue" and "parole" according to Ferdinand de Saussure is that langue refers to the rules behind the way the language is arranged and used, while parole refers to the actual utterances of language, both written and spoken.
10. What is IPA?
Ans:- IPA refers to International Phonetic Alphabet.
11. What are different Organs of Speech?
The different Speech Organs are teeth, lips, tongue, nasal cavity, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum (soft palate), uvula and glottis etc.
12. What is meant by Received Pronunciation (RP)?
Received Pronunciation (RP) means the standard accent of British English Language. It is associated with formal speech
13. List and elaborate parameters for the description of English vowel sounds.
Vowel parameters used in the description of English vowel sounds are tongue height, tongue advancement and lips’ position. That tongue movement is high, mid or low, tongue advancement is towards front, center or at the back and lips’ position is rounded or non rounded.
14. . Name the passive articulators.
Ans:- The passive articulators are upper lip, upper jaw, teeth ridge, hard and soft palate and uvula.
15. What is diphthong?
Ans:- Diphthong is a vowel sound consisting of two monophthong.
16. . What is monophthong?
Ans:- A monophthong is a pure vowel articulated without any obstacle in vocal tract.
17. Define Alveolar sounds. Give examples.
Alveolar is the ridge behind the teeth and alveolar sound is produced when blade of tongue touch or near to touch the alveolar ridge. For example; the consonant sound of d, t and n.
18. What is pitch?
Ans:- Pitch is the degree of highness or lowness of a tone.
19. What is Assimilation?
Ans:- Assimilation is the phonological process which refers to the change of pronunciation.
20. What is intonation?
Ans:- Intonation is a pattern of changing pitch, intensity and speed during an utterance to convey linguistic information.
21. What is stress?
Ans:- Stress is the degree emphasis on a sound or syllable in speech.
22. What is elision?
Ans:- Ellison refers to the disappearance of a sound. In other words elision is the omission of a sound between two words.
23. What does 'morpheme' mean?
Ans:- In linguistics, morpheme is the smallest component of word, or other linguistic unit, that has semantic meaning.
24. What is coherence?
Ans:- Coherence is an invisible tie presents in sentences or paragraphs to create a meaningful whole.
25. What is diphthong?
Ans:- Diphthong is a vowel sound consisting of two monophthong.
26. What is the difference between voiced and voiceless sounds?
Voiced sounds are those in which vocal chords vibrate and in voiceless sounds vocal chords do not vibrate. For example “v, m, n, b and d” are voiced and “s, h and f” are voiceless.
27. What is a 'minimal pair'?
Ans:- Minimal Pair is a pair of two words in a language which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound and which also differ in meaning.
a. seal, zeal pin , pan
28. What is Acronym?
Ans:- Acronym is a kind of abbreviation. It is a word format by taking letters from a phrase that is too long to use comfortably. The new form is pronounced as a word not just letters.
29. What is Bound Morpheme?
Ans:- A bound morpheme can not stand alone as an independent word, but must be attached to another morpheme/word
30. What are in-fixes?
In-fixes are affixes that inserted nor in beginning neither at the end but in the base word. For example: cupsful from cupful.
31. What is Psycholinguistics?
Ans:- Psycholinguistics is the study of relationship between language and psychology.
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32. What is LAD?
Ans:- Chomsky proposed that all humans have a language acquisition devic (LAD), The LAD contains knowledge of grammatical rules common to all. It stands for Language Acquisition Device.
33. What is SLA?
Ans:- SLA stands for Second Language Acquisition which is a process by which people learn a second language
34. What is language lateralization?
Language lateralization refers to the functions of the left and right hemispheres in the brain and distinct functions of left and right hemisphere.
35. Language can be described as a cognitive ability. Discuss briefly
Language can be described as cognitive ability because through learning the grammatical rules and vocabulary we can speak language. For example second language learning through grammatical method.
36. Compare behaviorist and cognitive theories of language learning.
Behaviorist theory base on the stimulus-response that does something and have reward or punishment.
Cognitive theory base on understanding, that you understand the rules of language and can speak or write that language.
37. Define connotative and denotative meaning with examples.
Denotative meanings are the dictionary meanings or precise, basic and specific meanings, and connotative meanings are the associations with the word like metaphor and symbolic meanings
38. What is Sociolinguistics?
Ans:- Sociolinguistics is the study of the use of language in society.
39. What is a dialect?
Ans:- A dialect is the form of a language that is spoken in one area with grammar, words and punctuation.
40. What is Idiolect?
Ans:- Idiolect is the language of an individual as opposed to that of a group.
41. What is sociolect?
Ans:- Language may very depending on the speaker's social class. This is sociolect.
42. What is 'register'?
Ans:- A register is a subset of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting.
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43. Define pidgin.
Ans:- Pidgin is a combination of more than two languages which arise from the need to communicate between communities.
44. Differentiate between Pidgin and Creole.
Pidgin is the mixture of multi languages used by traders as second language and Pidgin when used by the peoples as first language it becomes Creole or Linguafranca.
45. What are Bound and Free Morphemes?
Bound Morphemes are element of a word with prefixes or suffixes cannot stand alone as a word but Free Morphemes stand alone, a single morpheme as a word.
46. What is the difference between derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme?
Inflectional morpheme is a morpheme that does not change the category of the word like smaller from small these both are adjectives. For example: great greater, tall taller, old older and short shorter.
Derivational morpheme is a morpheme that change the category of the word like movement from move here movement is a noun and move is a verb. Improve improvement, easy easily and entertain entertainment.
47. What is multilingualism? Give examples.
Multilingualism means use of two or more languages by an individual or society. for example Punjabi and Urdu or Sindhi, Punjabi and Urdu etc.
48. What is code switching and code mixing?
Code Switching is using more than one language and changing from one language to another but Code Mixing is using more than one language as mixture, use of multi languages in one sentence.
49. What is Hyponymy?
The semantic relation of words between specific words and its general or broader term is called Hyponymy. For example Rose and flower, gaze and see, Mango and fruit.
50. What is pragmatics?
Ans:- Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics concerned with the use of language in social contexts and the ways in which people produce and comprehend meanings through languages
51. A Definition of Pragmatics
the study of the practical aspects of human action and thought.
the study of the use of linguistic signs, words and sentences, in actual situations
the study of the form, meaning, and behaviour of words
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