PAST PAPERS PROLOGUE TO THE CANTERBURY TALES

PROLOGUE TO THE CANTERBURY TALES 

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 YEAR 2016

Q: With the summoner and the pardoner chaucer loses the patience of tolerating evil in human existance.whats your opinion?

Q: the wife of Bath in The prologue represents secular feminist position in the 14th century English society.Discuss

YEAR 2016 supplementry

Q:The prologue documents the cultural conditions of the 14th century English society.Discuss

 YEAR 2017

Q: With the summoner and the pardoner Chaucer seems to lose patience with evil.Discuss

YEAR 2017 supplementry

Q: Chaucer's characters are medievel as well as modern.Discuss with reference to canterburry tales

YEAR 2018

Q: write detailed note on art of characterisation



Q: prioress in chaucer 's prologue

YEAR 2015

 In the "Prologue to the Canterbury Tales", Chaucer exhibits an unusual tolerance of human weakness. Discuss. 

 YEAR 2014

 Compare the Summoner with the Clerk in The Prologue to the Canterbury Tales by Chaucer.

Write a critical note on the following.
(i) The Wife of Bath
(ii) They Flee From Me

 YEAR 2013

 How does Chaucer create interest for the modern readers in the 14th century English characters? Elaborate your answer with reference to at least four of his characters in the Prologue.

Write a critical note on the following topics:
(i) The Character of Eve
(ii) The Parson

 YEAR 2012

"Chaucer presents a cross section of 14th century English society in The Prologue to the Canterbury Tales". Elaborate.

 Write a critical note on the following topics:
(i) The Temptation Scene in Book IX of Paradise Lost
(ii) The Character of Knight in The Prologue

 YEAR 2011

 Do you think that Chaucer's The Prologue still appeals to the modern readers?

 YEAR 2010

 Critically analyze Chaucer's characterization of the female characters in The Prologue.

Critically analyze Chaucer's characterization of the Ecclesiastical characters in The Prologue

 YEAR 2009

 Chaucer's technique of characterization in The Prologue differs from character to character. Discuss.

 YEAR 2008

'The Prologue' presents a cross-section of Chaucer's contemporary society. Illustrate.

 YEAR 2007

1.         Discuss Chaucer's art of narration in The Prologue.

2.   Explain and illustrate the remarks that Chaucer's whole point of view is that of a humourist.

 YEAR 2006

Discuss and illustrate the artistic method adopted by Chaucer in the portrayal of his pilgrims in the Prologue.

 YEAR 2005

 What are the salient features of Chaucer's style? Illustrate from the "Prologue to the Canterbury Tales".

 YEAR 2004

Write a note on Chaucer's female pilgrims as presented in the Prologue.

YEAR 2003

 Compare and contrast the Knight with Parson in the Prologue.

LINGUISTICS PAST PAPERS

LINGUISTICS PAST PAPERS
1
Compare structuralism and functionalism while highlighting the prominent features of said linguistic movements. (2004)
How is human language different from animal communication? Discuss its characteristics. (2006)
Write a note that language is based on the culture and convention of the people who speak it. (2007)
What is Language? Discuss some of the characteristics of language. (2008)
‘Linguistics is the scientific study of language.’ Elaborate on the statement with your understanding of the study of language. (2009)
Discuss in detail the different branches of linguistics and their scope. (2010)
Identify those features of linguistics which qualify it to be classified as a ‘science’. (2011)
2
Write a detailed note on psycholinguistics. (2004)
Write a detailed note on psycholinguistics. (2006)
Write a note on psycholinguistics. (2007)
Write a detailed note on sociolinguistics. (2008)
Write a note on psycholinguistics. (2009)
Write a note on psycholinguistics. (2010)
Write a comprehensive note on Sociolinguistics and its significance. (2011)
3
Attempt both parts:
(a) Explain manners of articulation with examples.
(b) Transcribe the following pinpointing the primary stress:
Exclusion; Citation; Demonstrate; Appreciate; Avoid (2004)
Attempt both parts:
(a) Explain manners of articulation with examples.
(b) Identify voiceless consonants in the following words.
Left, Station, Vanished, Insurance, Cheque (2006)
Explain places and manners of articulation. Also tell how voicing takes place. (2007)
What are the weak forms? Explain them with the help of examples from RP. (2008)
Explain in detail the manner’s of articulation of English consonant sounds. (2009)
Write a detailed note on the places and manner of articulation of English consonant. (2010)
Discuss and describe the English consonants of RP in terms of their manner and place of articulation.
(2011)
4
(a) Discuss phrase structure grammar in detail
(b) Draw P-marker for the following sentence:
All students will study Linguistics. (2004)
(a) Why is TG the most influential theory of linguistics in modern theory of linguistics in modern
times? Discuss in detail.
(b) Draw a tree diagram of the following giving P-markers:
I am proud of the painting. (2006)
(a) What do you know about phase structure grammar? Discuss in detail.
(b) Draw a tree diagram for the following sentence giving P-markers:
The teacher marked him absent. (2007)
(a) Discuss in detail the IC analysis highlighting its main feature.
(b) Draw a tree diagram for the following sentence giving P-markers:
What is your name? (2008)
(a) What is I C analysis? Discuss its major flaws.
(b) Draw a tree diagram for the following sentence giving P-markers:
The young teacher taught the young and intelligent students. (2009)
(a) What is phrase structure grammar? In what ways is it an improvement on IC analysis? Discuss.
(b) Draw a tree diagram for the following sentence giving P-markers:
I quite quickly drew the picture.
OR
Give function labels and form labels for each of the words in the following sentence and also put
them in phrase brackets:
Our students are very intelligent. (2010)
(a) How is transformational generative grammar different from IC analysis and phrase structure
grammar? Explain with suitable examples.
(b) Draw a tree diagram for the following sentence giving P-marker:
They have been reading this book for three days. (2011)
5
Explain semantic field theory. (2004)
“The vocabulary of a language consists of many interrelating networks of relations between worlds.”
Discuss the above statement with reference to semantic field theory. (2006)
Discuss briefly the major semantic theories. (2007)
Write a detailed noted on componential analysis. (2008)
What is componential analysis? Explain with examples. (2009)
Discuss briefly the major semantic theories. (2010)
Discuss the major semantic theories. (2011)
6
Describe the concept of morph and discuss its different types with examples. (2004)
(a) How do you differentiate between inflectional and derivational morphology. Discuss giving
examples for each.
(b) List ‘the bound’ morphemes in the following words:
{No words were given in my copy of the paper} (2006)
Morphology is the study of the rules governing the internal structure of the words and the international
that exists among them. Discuss. (2007)
What do you know about structuralism? Discuss. (2008)
What contribution can the study of (a) language-acquisition and (b) pidgins and creoles make to
historical linguistics? (2009)
What did the linguist Ferdinand de Saussure contribute to the study of modern linguistics? Discuss.
(2010)
Briefly trace the growth of historical linguistics. (2011)
7
Write notes on any TWO of the following: (2008)
i- Historical linguistics
ii- English short vowels
iii- Code-switching
iv- Generative grammar
Write notes on TWO of the following: (2009)
i- Synchronic vs. diachronic point of view in linguistics
ii- Cardinal vowels
iii- Morphology
iv- Generativism
Write note on TWO of the following: (2010)
(i) Bilingualism
(ii) Language and culture
(iii) Morphology
(iv) Transcribe the following
(a) A cup of tea
(b) Bread and butter
(c) A fly in the ointment
(d) Grapes are sour
(e) Hand in glove with
Write notes on any TWO of the following: (2011)
i- Language acquisition
ii- Voicing
iii- Bilingualism
iv- Morphology
Write notes on TWO of the following:
i- Componential analysis
ii- Generativism
iii- Segmental phonology
iv- Comparative linguistics (2004)
Write notes on TWO of the following:
i- Language acquisition
ii- Language and culture
iii- Why study grammar (2006)
Write notes on TWO of the following:
i- Why study grammar?
ii- First language acquisition
iii- Code switching
iv- Historical linguistics
8
Transcribe the following words:
Are, cook, boil, no, now, chips, bead, out, ask, dress, trap, has

PARADISE LOST BY JOHN MILTON

• . Explain the following extracts with reference to the context.

(a) Of Man's first disobedience, and the fruit
Of that forbidden Tree, whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world, and all our woe,
With loss of Eden, till one greater Man
Restore us.

(b) Nine times the space that measures day and night
To mortal men, he with his horrid crew
Lay vanquished, rolling in the fiery gulf,
Confounded though immortal.

(c) A dungeon horrible, on all sided round,
As one great furnace flamed; yet from those flames
No light, but rather darkness visible
Served only to discover sights of woe.

(d) Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace
And rest can never dwell, hope never comes
That comes to all.

(a) "Fallen Cherub, to be weak is miserable,
Doing or suffering: but of this be sure,
To do aught good never will be our task,
But ever to do ill our sole delight.

(b) If then his providence
Our of our evil seek to bring forth good,
Our labour must be to pervert that end,
And out of good still to find means of evil;

(c) Infernal world! and thou, profoundest Hell,
Receive they new possessor, one who brings
A mind not to be changed by place or time.

(d) Here we may reign secure, and in my choice
To reign is worth ambition, though in Hell:
Better to reign in Hell, than to serve in Heaven.

11. Explain the following extracts with reference to the context.
(a) His spear -- to equal which the tallest pine
Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast
Of some great ammiral, were but a want --

(b) Thrice he assayed, and thrice, in spite of scorn,
Tears, such as Angels weep, burst forth: at last
Words interwove with sighs found out their way:

(c) O myrids of immortal Spirits! O Powers
Matchless, but with the Almighty! --and that strife
Was not inglorious, though the event was dire,
As this place testifies, and this dire change,
Hateful to utter.

(d) Space may produce new worlds; whereof so rife
There went a fame in Heaven that he ere long
Intended to create, and therein plant
A generation whom his choice regard
Should favour equal to the Sons of Heaven:

1. . Milton's Grand Style in 'Paradise Lost'
2. . 'Paradise Lost' As a Renaissance Epic
3. . The Hero of 'Paradise Lost': Satan or Adam
4. . Responsible Person for the Fall of Man
5. . Milton's Justifying the Ways to God to Men

S.T COLERIDGE RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER PAST PAPERS CONTEXT

 S.T COLERIDGE RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER  PAST PAPERS CONTEXT

Are those her ribs through which the Sun
Did peer, as through a grate?
And is that woman all her crew?
Is that a Death? And are there two?
Is Death that woman's mate?(2004)

An orphan's course would drag to hell
A spirit from on high;
But oh! More horrible than that
Is a curse in a dead man's eye!
Seven days, seven nights, I saw that cure,
And yet I could not die.(2007)

And I had done a hellish thing,
And it would work 'em woe;
For all averred, I had killed the bird
That made the breeze to blow.(2010-SUPP)

It is an ancient Mariner,
And he stoppeth one of three
'By thy long grey beard and glittering eye,
Now wherefore stopp'st thou me?(2011)

The seraph-band, each waved his hand;
No voice did they impart -
No voice; but oh! the silence sank
Like music on my heart.(2012)

And I had done a hellish thing
And it would work'em woe:
For all averr'd, I had kill'd the Bird
That made the Breeze to blow(2013)

SEAMUS HEANEY PAST PAPER QUESTIONS

SEAMUS HEANEY PAST PAPER QUESTIONS 2004 TO 2019 SUPPLY
1. Critically examine one of the following poems by Seamus Heaney:
(i) A Constable Calls (ii) The Tollund Man (2004)
2. Discuss Bardic quality in the poems of Seamus Heaney.(2005)
3. What are the various themes in the poems of Seamus Heaney you have read?(2006)
4. Heaney's 'A Constable Calls' is based on memory. It talks of distrust and fear. Elaborate.(2007)
5. Heaney digs into the past with his 'squat pen'. Explain.(2008)
6. Illustrate Heaney's relationship with Ireland with close reference to "Toome Road" and "Casting and Gathering".(2009)
7. Heaney's metaphors are sensuously alive. Discuss with reference to 'Personal Helicon' and 'Tollund Man'.(2010)
8. Draw closely on 'Tollund Man' and 'Toome Road' to discuss Heaney as an Irish poet.(2010-SUPP)
9. 'Toome Road' and 'Casting and Gathering' exemplify Heaney's positive vision of Ireland. Explain.(2011)
10. How does Heaney's poetry exemplify his relationship with his land?(2011-SUPP)
11. Heaney's poetry explores man's relationship with history. Discuss. (Heaney)(2012)
12. Discuss the position of the speaker in any two poems of Heaney from your syllabus. (S. Heaney)(2012-SUPP)
13. How does "Tollund Man" describe the anxiety of Heaney as an Irish writer?(2013)
14. Discuss Heaney's perspective on Ireland in 'Toome Road' and 'Casting and Gathering'.(2014)
15. What value does Heaney ascribe to contrariness in Irish scenario? Illustrate with detailed reference to at least two of his poems.(2015)
16. What according to Heaney is the role of curiosity and fear in the development of an artist?(2016)

2017

Q. What value does heany ascribe to contraries in his verse?

2018

Q. Examine in detail any two childhood poems by Heaney.

2018supply 

Q. Examine the condition of personal experience in the poetry of Heaney.

2019

Q. Personal Helicon sign posts Heaney's development from a naturalist to a poet. Explain.

2019supply 

Q. Comment on Heaney's attitude towards Ireland with close reference to his poems.

SEAMUS HEANEY PAST PAPER CONTEXT

SEAMUS HEANEY PAST PAPER CONTEXT

Now to pry into roots, to finger slime
To stare, big eyed Narcissus, into some spring
Is beneath all adult dignity, I rhyme
To see myself, to set the darkness echoing. (2004) PERSONAL HELICON

A shadow bobbed in the window
He was snapping the carrier spring
Over the ledger. His boot pushed off
And the bicycle ticked, ticked, ticked.(2005) A CONSTABLE CALLS

He had unstrapped
The heavy ledger, and my father
Was making till age returns
In acres, roods and perches.(2006) A CONSTABLE CALLS

Out there in Jutland
In the old man-killing parishes
I will feel lost,
Unhappy and at home(2008) THE TOLLUND MAN

Now to pry into roots, to finger slime
To stare big eyed Narcissus, into some spring
Is beneath all adult dignity, I rhyme
To see myself, to set the darken echoing.(2009) PERSONAL HELICON

A shadow bobbed in the window,
He was snapping the carrier spring
Over the ledger. His boot pushed off
And the bicycle ticked, ticked, ticked.(2009-SUPP) A CONSTABLE CALLS

I love hushed air. I trust contrariness
Years and years go past and I do not move
For I see that when one man casts, the other gathers
And then vice verse, without changing sides.(2010) CASTING AND GATHERING
Sowers of seed, erectors of headstones....
O charioteers, above your dormant guns,
It stands here still, stands vibrant as you pass,
The invisible, untoppled omphalos.(2010) THE TOOME ROAD

Out there is Jutland
In the old man-killing parishes
I will feel lost, Unhappy and at home.(2010-SUPP) THE TOLLUND MAN

Something of his sad freedom
As he rode the tumbrel
Should come to me, driving,
Saying names .....(2011) THE TOLLUND MAN

I could risk blasphemy,
Consecrate the cauldron bog
Our holy ground and prey
Him to make germinate ----(2011-SUPP) THE TOLLUND MAN

Now, to pry into roots, to finger slime,
To stare, big-eyed Narcissus, into some spring
Is beneath all adult dignity. I rhyme
To see myself, to set the darkness echoing (2012) PERSONAL HELICON

Out there is Jutland
In the old man-killing parishes
I will feel lost,
Unhappy and at home.(2012-SUPP) THE TOLLUND MAN

Someday I will go to Arhus
To see his peat-brown head,
The mild pods of his eyelids,
His pointed skin cap, ...(2013) THE TOLLUND MAN

Something of his sad freedom
As he rode the tumbrel
Should come to me, driving,...(2014) THE TOLLUND MAN
He had unstrappped
The heavy ledger, and my father was making tillage
returns in acres, roods and perches. (2015) A CONSTABLE CALLS

I could risk blasphemy,
Consecrate the cauldron bog
Our holy ground and prey (2016) THE TOLLUND MAN

ARISTOTLE’S POETICS,LITERARY CRITICISM ,

ARISTOTLE’S POETICS,LITERARY CRITICISM ,

Q1. Aristotle’s theory of Tragedy is governed by a preoccupation with audience response. Discuss. (2010-A)

Q2. Aristotle’s theory of Tragedy is valid for his times only. Discuss (2010-S)

Q3. Aristotle’s discussion on Tragedy is determined by his conception of human nature and social relations. Discuss. (2011-A)

Q4. In what ways does The Poetics by down the principles of criticism in terms of analysis and characterization? (2011-S)

Q5. “Aristotle’s statement about the end of tragedy-purgation or catharsis-has been so endlessly misunderstood, so uncritically assumed to be true”. Discuss. (2012-S)

Q6. Discuss Aristotle’s concept of a tragic hero in the light of his book Poetics. (2013-A)

Q7. “Through pity and fear tragedy affects the purgation of these emotions.” What is your opinion? Discuss in detail. (2013-S)

Q8. Discuss at length the criterion for a tragic hero laid down by Aristotle in Poetics. (2014-A)

Q9. Critically analyze Aristotle’s concept of a tragic hero. (2015-A)

Q10. “A tragedy, then, is the imitation of an action that is serious, having magnitude, complete in itself; in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, each kind brought in separately in the parts of the work; in dramatic, not in narrative form; with incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish its catharsis of emotions.” Explain Aristotle’s concept. (2015-S)

To The Lighthouse Past paper Questions

To The Lighthouse

Past paper Questions

Q1. “In To The Lighthouse, Virginia Woolf found a subject that enabled her to do full justice to her technique”. (2010-A)

Q2. ‘Mrs. Ramsay brings people together, yet is an isolated person’. Discuss the character and role of Mrs. Ramsay in the light of this comment. (2010-S)

Q3. ‘Virginia Woolf adopted a revolutionary technique for the expression of her vision of life and human
Nature’. Discuss (2010-S)

Q4. To The Light House is a novel that portrays an Oedipal struggle between James and Mr. Ramsay. Discuss with close reference to the text. (2011-S)

Q5. What are the distinctive qualities of Virginia Woolf as a novelist? Do not confine your answer to “ To The Light House” only. (2012-A)

Q6. What is meant by stream of consciousness? How does Virginia Woolf use this surreal technique to depict the Ramsay family. (2012-S)
Q7. Why does Virginia Woolf use stream of consciousness in this novel? How effective is it? What sort of a “feel” do you get from the characters? The setting? The novelist? (2013-A)

Q8. What are the differences and similarities in how Mrs. Ramsay, Mr. Ramsay, and Lily approach time? (2013-S)

Q9. To The Light House is one of Woolf’s most successful and accessible experiments in modernist mode, including stream of consciousness. Illustrate citing examples from the text of the novel. (2014-A)

Q10. What is Lily’s dilemma throughout the novel regarding her wish to be an artist? (2014-S)

Q11. What is the nature of relationship between Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoe in To The Lighthouse? (2015-A)

Q12. What is the narrative technique of the novel To The Lighthouse? (2015-S)

Q13. How do men and women in the novel respond to the gender roles that they perceive or that are imposed upon them in To The Lighthouse? (2016-A)

"The Cherry Orchard" Past papers

"The Cherry Orchard" Past papers

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Past papers .The cherry orchard 

Q.The Cherry Orchard brutally shatters any romantic dreams we may cherish about Love,
Childhood, the Past or Friendship. Do you agree? 2019 supply

Q.Lopakhin's utter lack of feelings is no less appealing than the ignorance and stupidity of the outdated aristocrats .do you agree?                               (2019A)

Q.How far would you agree that The cherry orchard represents conflict between modernity and traditional Russian society ? Elaborate your answer.     (2018A)

Q."Lopakhin, is not itself ridiculous, it is the conflict between a businessman and a
former serf which makes him a comic character. He is a self-made person yet the serf inside him is still pushing him back." What is your opinion? Explain your answer with

arguments.                                                                     2018 supply 

Q.How does chekhov bring comedy in tragic situation in The cherry orchard!How far does he succeed?                                                                             (2017A).

Q.The cherry orchard is about the passing away of the romantic phase and the onset of the modern capitalist tendencies .comment (2016A)

1. "The Cherry Orchard" can be read as a drama tracing the human journey from childhood fantasy to the adult consciousness of harsh reality. Elaborate. (2015)

2. How does the comic element in The Cherry Orchard enhance the tragic impact of the play? (2014)

3. In THE CHERRY ORCHARD, we watch the dreams of childhood dying and ambitions of middle age stirring into action. Comment.(2013)

4. What are the salient features of a naturalistic play? Can THE CHERRY ORCHARD be considered as a naturalistic play?(2012-supp)

5. Is the CHERRY ORCHARD a blend of smiles and tears? Why?(2012)

6. "Again and again his characters speak of trivialities at a time when their thoughts are quite clearly engaged on something quite different" Discuss with reference to THE CHERRY ORCHARD.(2011-SUPP)

. 7. Discuss the dramatic significance of the following.

(i) The opening scene of THE SEA.

(ii) The character of Trofimov. (2011-SUPP)

8. Discuss the dramatic significance of the sub-plot of The Cherry Orchard.(2011)

9. Write a critical note on the following:

(i) The character of Willy in The Sea

(ii) The character of Lyubov in The Cherry Orchard

10.In what sense does The Cherry Orchard present a break with the old Russian theatre?(2010-SUPP)

11. "Lopakhin is not a merchant in the vulgar sense of the word ... There is no need for him to be the typical merchant. He is a tender-hearted man." Do you think that this statement fully explains Lopakhin's character in The Cherry Orchard? (2010)

12. Why has Chekhov's drama been called 'lyrical' and 'internal' as opposed to 'external'? Discuss with reference to his play The Cherry Orchard. (2009)

13. Is the Cherry Orchard a political play? (2008)

14. "It is not what the characters say which matters, it is what they are and what they are doing with their lives". How far do you agree with this assessment of the characters in The Cherry Orchard? (2007)

15. How far do you think Chekhov is successful in presenting the theme of the passing of the old order through the symbol of cherry orchard.(2006)

16. "The Cherry Orchard is a tragedy despite the fact that Chekhov described it as a comedy". How far would you agree? (2005)

17. Discuss The Cherry Orchard as a comedy. (2004)

18. Write a critical note on the following topics:

(i) The character of Lopakhin in The Cherry Orchard.

(ii) The character of Loevborg in Hedda Gabler. (2004)
  

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The Cherry Orchard RTC

1. Explain with reference to the context any THREE of the following passages:

1. You must try to understand. Things have changed. It used to be just the gentry and the peasants. But not there is a new sort of visitor ... people who want to come here in the summer. (2004)

2. You can charge each tenant twenty-five roubles a year per hectare per plot --- easily. If you advertise right away I guarantee by the autumn you won't have a single plot left (2005)

3. I trust nobody needs reminding that Orchard and estate come under hammer in two weeks' time ..... Two weeks friends. Try to think of it while you dine.(2008)

4. How can we begin to live in the present if we don't redeem the past .... come to terms with it? There is only one way. By suffering. By work. By extraordinary effort .... by unceasing toil. Try to understand that, Anya. (2009)

5. I tell you every day. Every day I say the same thing over and over again. You must let the cherry orchard and the land under building leases for summer cottages, and you must do it now, as quickly as possible, or the auction will be on top of you! (2010)

6. Oh, no, not at all. But there's going to be an enormous bump in my head for all that.(2010-supp)

7. I suddenly felt sorry for Mama, I just put my hands on her face and held her, I just couldn't let her go. And afterwards she hugged me, and cried.(2011)

8. Oh, for my sins, I've always spent money like a lunatic. I married a man who only knew how to get into debts --- killed himself drinking champagne --- oh, how he drank! I fell in love with someone else - God, what a misfortune! We had an affair.(2011-supp)

9. Oh my lovely innocent childhood! Sleeping here is the nursery, looking out into the orchard, --- every morning waking up to happiness. And it is --- the same as it was, nothing's changed.(2012)

10. All his narrow minded concern with petty illusion, can't she understand that we are above all that? We must be free of the small, the pointless...(2012-supp)

11. There is no turning back ... is it over ... finished and done worth long ago. Stop worrying. And stop deceiving yourself ... for once in your life look at the truth and face it. (2013)

12. Oh my lovely innocent childhood! Sleeping here in the nursery, looking out into the orchard, ... every morning waking up to happiness. And it is ... the same as it was, nothing's changed.(2014)

2015

All this narrow minded concern with petty illusion, can't she understand that we are above all that? We must be free of the small, the pointless…

2016

If we're to start living in the present isn't it abundantly clear that we've first got to redeem our past and make a clean break with it? And we can only redeem it by suffering and getting down to real work for a change.

2017

Little peasant. It's true my father was a peasant, but here am I in my white waistcoat and brown boots, barging in like a bull in a china shop. The only thing is, I am rich.

 

2018

You must try to understand. Things have changed. It used to be just the gentry and the peasants. But not there is a new sort of visitor ... people who want to come here in the summer.

2018supply

the cherry trees covered in blossom and three degrees of frost this morning. I don't think much of our climate, Yermolie Alexeyevich. You can't say it helps.

2019

"I've never met such frivolous people as you before, or anybody so unbusinesslike and peculiar. Here I am telling you in plain language that your estate will be sold, and you don't seem to understand."

2019supply

“Can't she understand that we are above all that? We must be free of the small, the pointless…”

 The cherry orchard truely represents decaying order which cannot sustain itself for long. Comment.

 Evaluate the cherry orchard as a briefing on social and economic depression in the contemporary russia

 Evaluate the cherry orchard as political play

Some Points

 It encircles the Decay of Russian authority.From 1800 to onwards the Aristocratic Russia(Madam Ranvsky) was being weaker and weaker while that the peasants/surfs(Lopakhin) were being progressive.

The grand parents were slave to the master of Orchard but now Lopakhin is able to buy it.

The nineteenth century offered two important developments to Russia which are manifested in the play. In the 1830's, the railroads arrived, an important step in Russia's move into a more international sphere. More importantly, in February of 1861, Russia's vast population of serfs was liberated for good, bringing a long-awaited social change. These two dimensions, social change and the growing importance of the international community, pervade the play and even drive the plot.

TSAR NICHOLAS II had basically brought liberation for the serfs, where from they started their hardworking to get topsy turvy the feudalism and with their declination imbued in their extravagance and incongruously with the emerging social change. 

Serfs maintained their concurrent flow with the prevalent social progression to attain their dominance.

 

William Blake: From - Auguries of Innocence CRITICAL APPRECIATION
Context

William Blake, an English poet and artist, was born in 1757.
He became part of the famous Romantic Movement along with poets such as Wordsworth and Coleridge.
Romantic poetry is characterised by lyrical, descriptive language and central ideas which embody Nature and Art. Its themes often examine the principles of Freedom and Equality.
Blake’s poetry often rebelled against injustice, rigid class systems and the hypocrisy inherent in organised religion at the time.

Subject and Structure

Subject

The poem is a stark warning about the inevitable consequences for society when there is wanton mistreatment of people and nature.

The poem is a list of cruel situations and auguries (signs) about what might happen if these kinds of injustice continue.
In each of the rhyming couplets we see the juxtaposition of innocence and cruelty.

This poem seems to express Blake’s political views about class structures, slavery, and inequality among other things. He condemns oppression and cruelties against the innocent and vulnerable members of society.

Structure

The poem begins with a quatrain which captures how the beauty of nature and the universe is often in the small everyday details: "To see a world in a grain of sand,/And heaven in a wild flower,/Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,/and eternity in an hour."

This could reflect how children see the world.

The remainder of the poem illustrates how human cruelty towards nature has consequences that may not be felt immediately but will, nevertheless, prove catastrophic.

Auguries of Innocence is written as a series of rhyming couplets, creating a nursery rhyme quality to the poem. This quality serves to highlight further the horror of injustice and inhumanity.
Each couplet contains a paradox, juxtaposing a scene of innocence and vulnerability with one of brutality or fear. Through this Blake succeeds in showing some essential truth about injustice, cruelty or inequality in each couplet.

Language

Think about how the language the poet uses helps convey his ideas. Here are some points to consider:

• An augury is a sign of something to come and the poem is a series of auguries which suggest that human cruelty will be judged eventually and there will be consequences. The reader can see this judge-mental and warning tone throughout the poem.
For example, "Every wolf’s and lion’s howl/Raises from Hell a Human Soul" and "He who shall hurt the little Wren/Shall never be beloved by Men".

• The opening reflection of the poem contains very well known lines. The metaphorical imagery used by Blake reminds us that the small, seemingly insignificant "grain of sand" or "wild flower" can hold universal beauty and importance.

• Blake incorporates a lot of animal imagery in his poem. He uses this imagery to comment on the inequalities, injustices and cruelties of the world, against both people and animals. For example he draws attention to the captivity and servitude of animals such as the "Robin Red breast in a cage" and the "Dog starv’d at his Master’s gate". Each of these images is accompanied by a warning of the consequences of such treatment.

• Blake’s use of symbolism often reflects the innocence of vulnerable members of society; the animals seem to symbolize certain groups in society which are cruelly treated. The Robin Red breast could symbolize the prisoner; the horse, "misus’d upon the road" could symbolize the slave; and the dog might symbolize the beggar.

• This theme continues as Blake explores more examples of man’s careless treatment of creatures who are at his mercy. He describes how "He who shall hurt the little Wren/Shall never be belov’d of men" and how "He who the Ox to wrath hath mov’d/Shall never be by woman lov’d." Lines such as these reinforce the idea that all life can be seen through nature (as seen in the opening lines) and that man has a responsibility not to treat nature thoughtlessly but rather must nurture and appreciate it.

• The verbs ‘hurt’ and ‘torment’ are examples of emotive language. The ‘wanton’ treatment of the vulnerable will have irreversible consequences as seen in Blake’s use of verbs such as "‘howl’" and "‘calls’" to suggest the animals are crying out for help, creating sympathy in the reader. The use of the word "‘outcry’" in the line "Each outcry from the hunted Hare" also creates a sense of the hare appealing to be saved.

Attitudes and Ideas

Blake seems to use a rather righteous tone in his poem, warning the reader of the consequences of abusing the vulnerable and innocent.

There are frequent examples of this type of judgemental prediction throughout the poem, for example, "A dog starv’d at his Master’s gate,/Predicts the ruin of the state", and the final apocalyptic warning, "Kill not the moth nor butterfly,/For the last judgement draweth nigh".

This apocalyptic imagery seems to reflect Blake’s belief that mankind must stop these injustices or there will be dire consequences for society and humanity.

Beckett's Waiting for Godot, PAST PAPER QUESTIONS

Beckett's Waiting for Godot, PAST PAPER QUESTIONS

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PAST PAPER QUESTIONS

1. "Yet, If Beckett devalues language, he continues to use it and, bilingually, to show a mastery of it". How far do you agree with this view? Waiting for Godot.(2004)

2. Is Beckett's Waiting for Godot relevant for us today?(2005)

3. Can one identify with Beckett's characters in Waiting for Godot and if so why?(2006)

4. "In an instant all will vanish and we’ll be alone once more, in the midst of nothingness!" How far do you agree that these lines of the play Waiting for Godot reflect the intellectual climate of Beckett's time?(2007)

5. How does Beckett transform inaction into dramatic auction in Waiting for Godot?(2008)

6. What is the dramatic significance of the song in Act II of Waiting for Godot?(2009)

7. Is Waiting for Godot a meaningful play?(2010)

8. Waiting for Godot shows Beckett's ability to blend derision, humour and comedy with tragedy. His words are simultaneously tragic and comic. How far would you agree?(2010-supp)

9. How does Beckett prevent the audience from being bored by Waiting for Godot?(2011)

10. "I have used Christianity as mythology in the play WAITING FOR GODOT'. What dramatic purpose does Christian mythology serve in the play?(2011-supp)

11. WAITING FOR GODOT exposes the eternal loneliness, bafflement and ennui suffered by man. Comment.(2012)

12. WAITING FOR GODOT shows the individual as the product of linguistic forces, a 'tissue of textualities'. Comment.(2012-supp)

13. Bring out the significance of the title of WAITING FOR GODOT.(2013)

14. Waiting for Godot voices the infinite hope and despair of man about the future of humanity. Do you agree?(2014)

15. Discuss "Waiting for Godot" as representative of 20th century issues of anxiety and despair.(2015)

WAITING FOR GODOT PAST PAPERS CONTEXT

WAITING FOR GODOT PAST PAPERS CONTEXT

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1. He imagines when I see him indefatigable I'll regret my decision. Such is his miserable scheme.(2004)

2. (gesture towards the Universe) This one is enough for you. (silence). It's not nice of you, Didi. Whom am I to tell my private nightmares to if I can't tell them to you?(2005)

3. We wait we are bored. (He throws up his hand.) No, don't protest. We are bored to death, there is no denying it.(2006)

4. What are we doing here, that is the question. And we are blessed in this, that we happen of known the answer. Yes, in this manner confusion one thing alone is clear. We are waiting for Godot to come .....(2007)

5. Is there anything I can do, that's what I ask myself, to cheer them up? I have given them bones, I have talked to them; about this and that, I have explained the twilight, admittedly.(2008)

6. We should ask him for the bone first. Then if he refuses we'll leave him there.(2009)

7. But we were there together, I could swear to it! Picking grapes for a man called .... (he snaps his fingers) .... can't think of the name of the man, at a place, do you not remember?(2010)

8. Remark that I might just as well have been in his shoes and he in mine. If chance had not willed otherwise. To each one his due.(2010-SUPP)

9. Perhaps I haven't got it right. He wants to mollify me, so that I'll give up the idea of parting with him. No, that's exactly it either.(2011)

10. Gentlemen I don't know what came over me. Forget all I said. (more and more his old self) I don't remember exactly what it was, but you may be sure there wasn't a word of truth in it.(2011-SUPP)

11. Was I asleep? While the others suffered? Or am I asleep at this time? When I wake up tomorrow, or think that I have woken up, what shall I say about today?(2012)

12. Does he not have the right to put down his bags? He certainly have the right. From this we conclude that he keeps on carrying the bags all the time because he likes to do so. This is a good explanation.(2012-SUPP)

13. Recognize! What is there in which one should recognize? All my wretched life I have crawled in mud! And you think it proper to talk to me about scenery? Look at this heap of rubbish! I have never gone away from it.(2013)

14. Was I asleep? While the others suffered? Or am I asleep at this time? When I wake up tomorrow, or think that I have woken up, shall I say about today?(2014)

15. Does he not have the right to put down his bags? He certainly have the right. From this we conclude that he keeps on carrying the bags all the time because he likes to do so. This is a good explanation.(2015)

PAST PAPER QUESTIONS

1. "Yet, If Beckett devalues language, he continues to use it and, bilingually, to show a mastery of it". How far do you agree with this view? Waiting for Godot.(2004)

2. Is Beckett's Waiting for Godot relevant for us today?(2005)

3. Can one identify with Beckett's characters in Waiting for Godot and if so why?(2006)

4. "In an instant all will vanish and we’ll be alone once more, in the midst of nothingness!" How far do you agree that these lines of the play Waiting for Godot reflect the intellectual climate of Beckett's time?(2007)

5. How does Beckett transform inaction into dramatic auction in Waiting for Godot?(2008)

6. What is the dramatic significance of the song in Act II of Waiting for Godot?(2009)

7. Is Waiting for Godot a meaningful play?(2010)

8. Waiting for Godot shows Beckett's ability to blend derision, humour and comedy with tragedy. His words are simultaneously tragic and comic. How far would you agree?(2010-supp)

9. How does Beckett prevent the audience from being bored by Waiting for Godot?(2011)

10. "I have used Christianity as mythology in the play WAITING FOR GODOT'. What dramatic purpose does Christian mythology serve in the play?(2011-supp)

11. WAITING FOR GODOT exposes the eternal loneliness, bafflement and ennui suffered by man. Comment.(2012)

12. WAITING FOR GODOT shows the individual as the product of linguistic forces, a 'tissue of textualities'. Comment.(2012-supp)

13. Bring out the significance of the title of WAITING FOR GODOT.(2013)

14. Waiting for Godot voices the infinite hope and despair of man about the future of humanity. Do you agree?(2014)

15. Discuss "Waiting for Godot" as representative of 20th century issues of anxiety and despair.(2015)