(An Acqutaintance With Literary Forms)

(An Acqutaintance With Literary Forms)
This chapter is divided into two parts.
1.Figure of Speech
2.Literary Forms.
1.FIGURES OF SPEECH
Figures of Speech or figurative language. It is a form of expression (as a simile or metaphor) used to convey meaning or heighten effect often by comparing or identifying one thing with another that has a meaning or connatation familiar to the reader or listener.Figure of Speech are used in poetry and prose but chiefly in poetry for the sake of vividness.Figures of speech increase the beauty and effectiveness of language.
Figures of Speech can be classified as.....
1.Based on similarity or likeness:
1.Simile
2.Metaphor
3.Personification
4.Apostrophe
5.Conceit.
2.Based on contrast,difference or surprise...
1.Antithesis
2.Oxymoron
3.Paradox
4.Irony
5.Litotes
6.Epigram
7.Euphemism
3.Based on Sounds..
1.Alliteration
2.Onomatopoeia
3.Pun
4.Based on construction or arrangement of words.
1.Ephitet
2.Hyperbole
3.Tautology
4.Transferred ephitet
5.Climax
6.Anti-climax
7.Assertion
8.Interrogation
9.Exclamation
5.Based on association or substition.
1.Metonymy
2.Synecdoche.
A. Based on similarity
Simile....
A comparison between two distinctly different things indicated by the words 'like', as.
E.g.
The water is like the sun.
This is an example of simile because water and the sun have little in common
E.g.
O my love's like a red,red rose.
Metaphor....
A metaphor is a figure of speech in which an implied comoarison is made between two unlike things that actually have something important in common.
E.g.
All the world's a stage.
Life is not a walking shadow.
Life is a zoo in a jungle.
Personification
It is derived from Greek word "Prosopoeia".It is a figure of speech in which either an inanimate object or an abstract concept is spoken of as though it were endowed with life.
E.g.
EXPERIENCE is the best teacher.
OPPORTUNITY knocks the door once in a life.
Apostrophe
It is a direct address either to an absent person or to an abstract or inanimate entity.
E.g.
Thou still unravished bride of quietness.
Death not be proud,though some have called thee
Mighty and dreadful....
NOTE.....
If such an address is made to god or muse to assist in one's composition, it is called an invocation.
Example...
........O spirit,that dost prefer before all temples th' upright heart and pure...
Conceit...
It establishes a striking parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or situations. A conceit is a simile or metaphor which shows cleverness and skill in the elaboration of the comparison ot in its unexpectedness.
Originally it is used as synonym for "idea" or "concept".
Cinceit refers to a particularly fanciful figuative device that is intended to surprise and delight readers by its cleverness and wit.
Example...
If they be two,they are two so
As stiff twin compasses are two
Here john donne compares two lovers souls to a craftaman compasa.
Based on Contrast.
Antithesis
It is a contrast or opposition in meaning,emphasi
zed by a parallel in grammatical structure.
It is a juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases or clauses.
Examples.
Love is an ideal thing ,marriage a real thing.
Man proposed,God disposes.
Speech is silver,but silence is God.
To err is human,to forgive divine.
Paradox
A paradox is a statement which seems on its face to be self-contradictory or absurd,yet turns out to have a valid meaning.
Examples
Child is the father of man.
War is peace.
Be cruel to be kind.
Oxymoron
It is a figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side by side.Often an adjective is added to a word of quiet a contrary meaning.
Examples
She is regularly irregualr.
The boy was found missing.
Healthy food makes me ill.
Life is bitter sweet.
Some other phrases containing oxymoron
Alone together
Criminal justice
Peace force
Even odds
Student teacher
Open secret
Sweet agony
True myth etc....
Irony
It is a figure of speech in which the real meaning is just the opposite of what is literally expressed.
Types of irony
Verbal irony
It is a contrast between what is said and what is meant.
Dramatic irony
It occurs when the audience or the reader knows more than the characters about events.
Situational irony
This refers to the contrast between the actual result of a situation and what was intended or expected to happen..
Examples.
For Brutus is an honourable man;so are they all,all honourable man.
Here honourable means most dishonourable .
Litotes...
The word is derived from Greek meaning "plainness or simplicity".
Litotes is a figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.
As a means of saying::
*Good*
*Bikaner is a very impressive city*
@He's ugly@
Epigram
An Epigram is a brief pointed saying frequently introducing antithetical ideas which excite surprise and attestation.
Examples
Fools rush in where angles fear to tread.
In the midst of life,we are in death.
Knowledge came but wisdom lingered.
He was so wealthy that he could not spare the money.
Euphemism
It is the use of an agreeable name in place of a disagreeable thing.
Examples..
He is gone to the heaven.(died)
You are telling me a fairy tale.(you are telling me lies)
Chronologically-challenged instead of late.
[3/29, 20:37] +91 72320 31212: Based on Sounds..
Alliteration
It is the repetition of the same letter or consonant sound at the beginning. it is used to create a special sound effect.
Example
These pretty pleasures might me move.
Peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
She sees sheep sleeping.
Onomatopoeia
The tendency in words to echo meaning by actual sound is called onomatopoeia.
Example
The thunder was roaring.
The snake hissed in the bush.
The ducklings were quacking.
Pun
It is a play on words that are either identical in sound or similar in sound,but are sharply diverse in meaning.
Example
I told Tom and Tom tolled the bell.
A person who eats Dates makes good use of his time.